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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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Sharutin VV, Sharutina OK, Senchurin VS. Palladium Complexes [Ph3PEt][PdBr3(DMSO)], [Ph3PCH2OMe][PdBr3(DMSO)], [Ph3PC5H9-cyclo][PdBr3(DMSO)], and [Ph3PCH2CH=CHCH2PPh3][PdBr3(DMSO)]2: Synthesis and Structure. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422090044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sharutin VV, Sharutina OK, Senchurin VS. Palladium Complexes [Ph3PCH2CN]2[PdBr4], [Ph4P]2[PdBr4], [Ph3PC5H9-cyclo][PdBr3(Et2SO)], and [Ph4P]2[Pd2Br6]. Synthesis and Structure. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seidl V, Romero AH, Heinemann FW, Scheurer A, Vogel CS, Unruh T, Wasserscheid P, Meyer K. A New Class of Task‐Specific Imidazolium Salts and Ionic Liquids and Their Corresponding Transition‐Metal Complexes for Immobilization on Electrochemically Active Surfaces. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200100. [PMID: 35172023 PMCID: PMC9315159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adding to the versatile class of ionic liquids, we report the detailed structure and property analysis of a new class of asymmetrically substituted imidazolium salts, offering interesting thermal characteristics, such as liquid crystalline behavior, polymorphism or glass transitions. A scalable general synthetic procedure for N‐polyaryl‐N’‐alkyl‐functionalized imidazolium salts with para‐substituted linker (L) moieties at the aryl chain, namely [LPhmImHR]+ (L=Br, CN, SMe, CO2Et, OH; m=2, 3; R=C12, PEGn; n=2, 3, 4), was developed. These imidazolium salts were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD), NMR spectroscopy and thermochemical methods (DSC, TGA). Furthermore, these imidazolium salts were used as N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand precursors for mononuclear, first‐row transition metal complexes (MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, ZnII, CuI, AgI, AuI) and for the dinuclear Ti‐supported Fe‐NHC complex [(OPy)2Ti(OPh2ImC12)2(FeI2)] (OPy=pyridin‐2‐ylmethanolate). The complexes were studied concerning their structural and magnetic behavior via multi‐nuclear NMR spectroscopy, SC‐XRD analyses, variable temperature and field‐dependent (VT‐VF) SQUID magnetization methods, X‐band EPR spectroscopy and, where appropriate, zero‐field 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Seidl
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Angel H. Romero
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Grupo de Química Orgánica Medicinal Instituto de Química Biológica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República Montevideo 11400 Uruguay
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Scheurer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Carola S. Vogel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Physik Institut für Physik der kondensierten Materie Staudtstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Physik Institut für Physik der kondensierten Materie Staudtstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK11) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Department Chemie und Pharmazie Anorganische Chemie Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Canbulat Özdemir M, Aktan E, Şahin O. The association of like-charged ions in tunable protic pyrazolium salts. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Biller H, Lerch S, Tölke K, Stammler H, Hoge B, Strassner T. Tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)gallate, [Ga(C 2 F 5 ) 4 ] - , Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2021; 27:13325-13329. [PMID: 34390044 PMCID: PMC8519063 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized new imidazolium-based tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) with the weakly coordinating tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)gallate anion, [Ga(C2 F5 )4 ]- . Phenyl and phenyl derivatives (2-Me, 4-OMe, 2,4-F) were combined with varying alkyl chain lengths at the imidazolium core leading to TAAILs, which were investigated with regard to their viscosity, conductivity, and electrochemical window and compared to EMIM and BMIM standard cations. Remarkable low viscosities of 29 cP at 25 °C for [BMIM][Ga(C2 F5 )4 ] were achieved. However, the EMIM and BMIM gallates show electrochemical instability, releasing pentafluoroethane at a voltage of 1.5 V. The 2-Me-substituted gallate-TAAILs slowly decompose over several weeks, whereas all other gallate-TAAILs showed no decomposition at all. With electrochemical windows of up to 5.15 V and low viscosities in a range of 66-162 cP, the gallate-TAAILs are promising candidates as electrolytes in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Biller
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Physical Organic ChemistryTechnical University DresdenBergstrasse 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Swantje Lerch
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Physical Organic ChemistryTechnical University DresdenBergstrasse 6601069DresdenGermany
| | - Katharina Tölke
- University BielefeldFaculty of Chemistry Center for Molecular MaterialsUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- University BielefeldFaculty of Chemistry Center for Molecular MaterialsUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- University BielefeldFaculty of Chemistry Center for Molecular MaterialsUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry Physical Organic ChemistryTechnical University DresdenBergstrasse 6601069DresdenGermany
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Hung CH, Zheng WY, Lee HM. Palladium Complexes with Phenoxy- and Amidate-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Based on 3-Phenylimidazo[1,5- a]pyridine: Synthesis and Catalytic Application in Mizoroki–Heck Coupling Reactions with Ortho-Substituted Aryl Chlorides. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hau Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50058, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50058, Taiwan
| | - Hon Man Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50058, Taiwan
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Harloff J, Laatz KC, Lerch S, Schulz A, Stoer P, Strassner T, Villinger A. Hexacyanidosilicates with Functionalized Imidazolium Counterions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Harloff
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Karoline Charlotte Laatz
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Swantje Lerch
- Physikalische Organische Chemie Technische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Materialdesign Leibniz‐Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Philip Stoer
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie Technische Universität Dresden Bergstraße 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Anorganische Chemie Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock A.‐Einstein‐Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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Guillet SG, Voloshkin VA, Saab M, Beliš M, Van Hecke K, Nahra F, Nolan SP. Understanding existing and designing novel synthetic routes to Pd-PEPPSI-NHC and Pd-PEPPSI-PR 3 pre-catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5953-5956. [PMID: 32347246 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism leading to the formation of cross-coupling palladium pre-catalysts of the PEPPSI family was investigated. Two intermediates were isolated and proved to be both suitable synthons to the pre-catalysts, with one permitting the design of a novel and greener user-friendly synthetic route. In light of this mechanistic understanding, the traditional one-pot method was shown to be possible using stoichiometric amounts of throw-away ligand, which represents a considerable synthetic improvement over the wasteful "in pyridine" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Vladislav A Voloshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium. and VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S-3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Lerch S, Strassner T. Expanding the Electrochemical Window: New Tunable Aryl Alkyl Ionic Liquids (TAAILs) with Dicyanamide Anions. Chemistry 2019; 25:16251-16256. [PMID: 31743529 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A set of new tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids (TAAILs) based on the 1-aryl-3-alkyl imidazolium motif has been synthesized, in which the following variables were systematically changed: alkyl chain length, aryl substitution (group and position), and counter ion. TAAILs with dicyanamide (DCA) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (N(SO2 CF3 )2 , NTf2 ) anions showed remarkable differences of their physical properties: NTf2 ionic liquids were found to have high decomposition temperatures and viscosities well below those of the DCA TAAILs. In contrast, the dicyanamide anion increased the electrochemical stability leading to TAAILs with an extremely wide electrochemical window of up to 7.17 V. Additionally, both classes of TAAILs extract transition metals from aqueous solutions: TAAILs with the DCA anion extract both platinum and copper while TAAILs with the NTf2 anion are selective towards platinum. This demonstrates that minor changes of the molecular structure lead to TAAILs with drastically changed physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swantje Lerch
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Physikalische Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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