1
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Liu L, Gu YC, Zhang CP. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Transformation of Carbamoyl Fluorides, Fluoroformates, and Their Analogues. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300071. [PMID: 37098875 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoyl fluorides, fluoroformates, and their analogues are a class of important compounds and have been evidenced as versatile building blocks for the preparation of useful molecules in organic chemistry. While major achievements were made in the synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides, fluoroformates, and their analogues in the last half of 20th century, an increasing number of reports have focused on using O/S/Se=CF2 species or their equivalents as the fluorocarbonylation reagents for the direct construction of these compounds from the parent heteroatom-nucleophiles in recent years. This review mainly summarizes the advances in the synthesis and typical application of carbamoyl fluorides, fluoroformates, and their analogues by the halide exchanges and fluorocarbonylation reactions since 1980.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG426EY, UK
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
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2
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Zhao M, Chen M, Wang T, Yang S, Peng Q, Tang P. Fluorocarbonylation via palladium/phosphine synergistic catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4583. [PMID: 37524725 PMCID: PMC10390470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of fluorinated organic compounds in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science, the introduction of fluorine into organic molecules is still a challenge, and no catalytic fluorocarbonylation of aryl/alkyl boron compounds has been reported to date. Herein, we present the development of palladium and phosphine synergistic redox catalysis of fluorocarbonylation of potassium aryl/alkyl trifluoroborate. Trifluoromethyl arylsulfonate (TFMS), which was used as a trifluoromethoxylation reagent, an easily handled and bench-scale reagent, has been employed as an efficient source of COF2. The reaction operates under mild conditions with good to excellent yields and tolerates diverse complex scaffolds, which allows efficient late-stage fluorocarbonylation of marked small-molecule drugs. Mechanistically, the key intermediates of labile Brettphos-Pd(II)-OCF3 complex and difluoro-Brettphos were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, including X-ray crystallography. A detailed reaction mechanism involving the synergistic redox catalytic cycles Pd(II)/(0) and P(III)/(V) was proposed, and multifunction of phosphine ligand was identified based on 19F NMR, isotope tracing, synthetic, and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, 300192, Tianjin, China.
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, 300192, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Cadwallader D, Tiburcio TR, Cieszynski GA, Le CM. Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides Using a Difluorophosgene Surrogate Derived from Difluorocarbene and Pyridine N-Oxides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11457-11468. [PMID: 35972076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a method for the synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides from secondary amines using bench-stable, inexpensive, and readily accessible starting materials that, when combined, yield a surrogate for toxic difluorophosgene (COF2) gas. In contrast to state-of-the-art methods for the synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides, our protocol does not require the use of pre-functionalized substrates, the preparation of light-, temperature-, and/or moisture-sensitive chemicals, or the application of explosive fluorinating reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusty Cadwallader
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tristan R Tiburcio
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - George A Cieszynski
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Christine M Le
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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4
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Swords WB, Chapman SJ, Hofstetter H, Dunn AL, Yoon TP. Variable Temperature LED-NMR: Rapid Insights into a Photocatalytic Mechanism from Reaction Progress Kinetic Analysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11776-11782. [PMID: 35969669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of techniques are available to obtain a useful understanding of photocatalytic mechanisms. The combination of LED illumination with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LED-NMR) provides a rapid, convenient means to directly monitor a photocatalytic reaction in situ. Herein, we describe a study of the mechanism of an enantioselective intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition catalyzed by a chiral Ir photocatalyst using LED-NMR. The data-rich output of this experiment is suitable for same-excess and variable time normalization analyses (VTNA). Together, these identified an unexpected change in mechanism between reactions conducted at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. At -78 °C, the kinetic data are consistent with the triplet rebound mechanism we previously proposed for this reaction, involving sensitization of maleimide and rapid reaction with a hydrogen-bound quinoline within the solvent cage. At room temperature, the cycloaddition instead proceeds through intracomplex energy transfer to the hydrogen-bound quinolone. These results highlight the potential sensitivity of photocatalytic reaction mechanisms to the precise reaction conditions and the further utility of LED-NMR as a fast, data-rich tool for their interrogation that compares favorably to conventional ex situ kinetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
| | - Steven J Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
| | - Heike Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
| | - Anna L Dunn
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
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5
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Corbin DA, Cremer C, Newell BS, Patureau FW, Miyake G, Puffer KO. Effects of the Chalcogenide Identity in N‐Aryl Phenochalcogenazine Photoredox Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202200485. [PMID: 36245968 PMCID: PMC9541587 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phenochalcogenazines such as phenoxazines and phenothiazines have been widely employed as photoredox catalysts (PCs) in small molecule and polymer synthesis. However, the effect of the chalcogenide in these catalysts has not been fully investigated. In this work, a series of four phenochalcogenazines is synthesized to understand how the chalcogenide impacts catalyst properties and performance. Increasing the size of the chalcogenide is found to distort the PC structure, ultimately impacting the properties of each PC. For example, larger chalcogenides destabilize the PC radical cation, possibly resulting in catalyst degradation. In addition, PCs with larger chalcogenides experience increased reorganization during electron transfer, leading to slower electron transfer. Ultimately, catalyst performance is evaluated in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization and a photooxidation reaction for C(sp2)−N coupling. Results from these experiments highlight that a balance of PC properties is most beneficial for catalysis, including a long‐lived excited state, a stable radical cation, and a low reorganization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Cremer
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Institute of Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Brian S. Newell
- Colorado State University Analytical Resources Core UNITED STATES
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- RWTH Aachen University: Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule Aachen Instit GERMANY
| | - Garret Miyake
- Colorado State University Chemistry and Biochemistry 301 W. Pitkin Street215 UCB80523United States 80523 Fort Collins UNITED STATES
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6
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Replacing conventional battery electrolyte additives with dioxolone derivatives for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Nat Commun 2021; 12:838. [PMID: 33547320 PMCID: PMC7864909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid electrolyte interphases generated using electrolyte additives are key for anode-electrolyte interactions and for enhancing the lithium-ion battery lifespan. Classical solid electrolyte interphase additives, such as vinylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate, have limited potential for simultaneously achieving a long lifespan and fast chargeability in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here we report a next-generation synthetic additive approach that allows to form a highly stable electrode-electrolyte interface architecture from fluorinated and silylated electrolyte additives; it endures the lithiation-induced volume expansion of Si-embedded anodes and provides ion channels for facile Li-ion transport while protecting the Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes. The retrosynthetically designed solid electrolyte interphase-forming additives, 5-methyl-4-((trifluoromethoxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxol-2-one and 5-methyl-4-((trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1,3-dioxol-2-one, provide spatial flexibility to the vinylene carbonate-derived solid electrolyte interphase via polymeric propagation with the vinyl group of vinylene carbonate. The interface architecture from the synthesized vinylene carbonate-type additive enables high-energy-density LIBs with 81.5% capacity retention after 400 cycles at 1 C and fast charging capability (1.9% capacity fading after 100 cycles at 3 C).
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7
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Liu L, Ran LY, Gu Y, Zhang CP. Facile synthesis of selenocarbamyl fluorides, selenoureas and their derivatives with [Me4N][SeCF3]. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00736j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[Me4N][SeCF3] has proved to be an excellent precursor of Se=CF2 for amines in the preparation of selenocarbamoyl fluorides, selenoureas, and their derivatives under catalyst- and additive-free conditions, which are otherwise difficult to synthesize by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long-Yu Ran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG426EY, UK
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Cannalire R, Pelliccia S, Sancineto L, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible light photocatalysis in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:766-897. [PMID: 33350402 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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9
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Skubi KL, Swords WB, Hofstetter H, Yoon TP. LED-NMR Monitoring of an Enantioselective Catalytic [2+2] Photocycloaddition. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020; 4:685-690. [PMID: 34532566 PMCID: PMC8443221 DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report that an NMR spectrometer equipped with a high-power LED light source can be used to study a fast enantioselective photocatalytic [2+2] cycloaddition. While traditional ex situ applications of NMR provide considerable information on reaction mechanisms, they are often ineffective for observing fast reactions. Recently, motivated by renewed interest in organic photochemistry, several approaches have been reported for in situ monitoring of photochemical reactions. These previously disclosed methods, however, have rarely been applied to rapid (<5 min) photochemical reactions. Furthermore, these approaches have not previously been used to interrogate the mechanisms of photocatalytic energy-transfer reactions. In the present work, we describe our experimental setup and demonstrate its utility by determining a phenomenological rate law for a model photocatalytic energy-transfer cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimer L Skubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI (USA)
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY (USA)
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI (USA)
| | - Heike Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI (USA)
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI (USA)
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10
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Jakobsson JE, Lu S, Telu S, Pike VW. [ 11 C]Carbonyl Difluoride-a New and Highly Efficient [ 11 C]Carbonyl Group Transfer Agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7256-7260. [PMID: 31995256 PMCID: PMC7174138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the synthesis and use of [11 C]carbonyl difluoride for labeling heterocycles with [11 C]carbonyl groups in high molar activity is described. A very mild single-pass gas-phase conversion of [11 C]carbon monoxide into [11 C]carbonyl difluoride over silver(II) fluoride provides easy access to this new synthon in robust quantitative yield for labeling a broad range of cyclic substrates, for example, imidazolidin-2-ones, thiazolidin-2-ones, and oxazolidin-2-ones. Labeling reactions may utilize close-to-stoichiometric precursor quantities and short reaction times at room temperature in a wide range of solvents while also showing high water tolerability. The overall radiosynthesis protocol is both simple and reproducible. The required apparatus can be constructed from widely available parts and is therefore well suited to be automated for PET radiotracer production. We foresee that this straightforward method will gain wide acceptance for PET radiotracer syntheses across the radiochemistry community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy E. Jakobsson
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, USA
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, USA
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, USA
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1003, USA
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11
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Jakobsson JE, Lu S, Telu S, Pike VW. [
11
C]Carbonyl Difluoride—a New and Highly Efficient [
11
C]Carbonyl Group Transfer Agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy E. Jakobsson
- Molecular Imaging Branch National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health 10 Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-1003 USA
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health 10 Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-1003 USA
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health 10 Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-1003 USA
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health 10 Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-1003 USA
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12
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Turksoy A, Scattolin T, Bouayad-Gervais S, Schoenebeck F. Facile Access to AgOCF 3 and Its New Applications as a Reservoir for OCF 2 for the Direct Synthesis of N-CF 3 , Aryl or Alkyl Carbamoyl Fluorides. Chemistry 2020; 26:2183-2186. [PMID: 31922296 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative fluorination strategies is greatly dependent also on the availability, safety and practicability of available fluorinating reagents. We herein show a straightforward and quantitative strategy for the preparation of valuable AgOCF3 at room temperature and showcase its performance in trifluoromethoxylations or as reservoir for O=CF2 . This enabled the direct, practical and safe synthesis of valuable N-alkyl/aryl and N-CF3 carbamoyl fluorides from secondary amines and isothiocyanides, respectively. Our mechanistic data indicate that AgOCF3 does not liberate O=CF2 until it is activated by a nucleophilic co-reagent, reinforcing the stability of the salt under our new preparation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman Turksoy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Samir Bouayad-Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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13
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Toncheva-Moncheva N, Dangalov M, Vassilev NG, Novakov CP. Thiol–ene coupling reaction achievement and monitoring by “ in situ” UV irradiation NMR spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25214-25222. [PMID: 35517473 PMCID: PMC9055274 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03902k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the possibilities of a new “in situ” LED UV illumination NMR spectroscopic technique for performing an initiator-free thiol–ene “click” coupling reaction of an allyl-functionalized poly(allyl glycidyl ether) (PAGE) prepolymer with a number of mono- and di-oligo polyethylene glycol (PEG) thiols is demonstrated. The state-of-the-art setup constructed with LEDs as UV light sources that illuminate through optical fibers directly into an NMR testing tube at a fixed wavelength of 365 nm is appropriate for various polymeric materials and biologically active substances. The selected experimental protocol uses a series of periods of irradiation and dark periods, thus providing opportunities to conduct an effective thiol–ene “click” reaction and simultaneously study the kinetics of the photochemical reaction with the exposure time, as well as macromolecular association directly in a solution applying the whole types of NMR methods: from conventional 1H or 13C NMR to diffusion NMR spectroscopy (DOSY). In addition, the molecular mass characteristics of the prepared copolymers were studied by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). The observed differences in the reaction rates as well as in the size of species formed (the corresponding hydrodynamic radiuses Rh of aggregates) as a result of the coupling process of parent PAGE prepolymers and model PEG thiols were thoroughly discussed and the reaction pathway proposed. An “In situ” LED UV illumination NMR setup for achievement of initiator-free coupling reactions of allyl-functionalized poly(allyl glycidyl ether) with polyethylene glycols thiols.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miroslav Dangalov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center of Phytochemistry
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- 1113 Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay G. Vassilev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center of Phytochemistry
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- 1113 Sofia
- Bulgaria
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14
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Nitschke P, Lokesh N, Gschwind RM. Combination of illumination and high resolution NMR spectroscopy: Key features and practical aspects, photochemical applications, and new concepts. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 114-115:86-134. [PMID: 31779887 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, photochemical and photocatalytic applications have developed into one of the dominant research fields in chemistry. However, mechanistic investigations to sustain this enormous progress are still relatively sparse and in high demand by the photochemistry community. UV/Vis spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy have been the main spectroscopic tools to study the mechanisms of photoreactions due to their higher time resolution and sensitivity. On the other hand, application of NMR in photosystems has been mainly restricted to photo-CIDNP, since the initial photoexcitation was thought to be the single key to understand photoinduced reactions. In 2015 the Gschwind group showcased the possibility that different reaction pathways could occur from the same photoexcited state depending on the reaction conditions by using in situ LED illumination NMR. This was the starting point to push the active participation of NMR in photosystems to its full potential, including reaction profiling, structure determination of intermediates, downstream mechanistic studies, dark pathways, intermediate sequencing with CEST etc. Following this, multiple studies using in situ illumination NMR have been reported focusing on mechanistic investigations in photocatalysis, photoswitches, and polymerizations. The recent increased popularity of this technique can be attributed to the simplicity of the experimental setup and the availability of low cost, high power LEDs. Here, we review the development of experimental design, applications and new concepts of illuminated NMR. In the first part, we describe the development of different designs of NMR illumination apparatus, illuminating from the bottom/side/top/inside, and discuss their pros and cons for specific applications. Furthermore, we address LASERs and LEDs as different light sources as well as special cases such as UVNMR(-illumination), FlowNMR, NMR on a Chip etc. To complete the discussion on experimental apparatus, the advantages and disadvantages of in situ LED illumination NMR versus ex situ illumination NMR are described. The second part of this review discusses different facets of applications of inside illumination experiments. It highlights newly revealed mechanistic and structural information and ideas in the fields of photocatalyis, photoswitches and photopolymerization. Finally, we present new concepts and methods based on the combination of NMR and illumination such as sensitivity enhancement, chemical pump probes, experimental access to transition state combinations and NMR actinometry. Overall this review presents NMR spectroscopy as a complementary tool to UV/Vis spectroscopy in mechanistic and structural investigations of photochemical processes. The review is presented in a way that is intended to assist the photochemistry and photocatalysis community in adopting and understanding this astonishingly powerful in situ LED illumination NMR method for their investigations on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nitschke
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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15
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Onida K, Tlili A. Direct Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides by CO
2
Deoxyfluorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12545-12548. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Killian Onida
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246)Univ. LyonUniversité Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246)Univ. LyonUniversité Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
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16
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Bosque I, Bach T. 3-Acetoxyquinuclidine as Catalyst in Electron Donor–Acceptor Complex-Mediated Reactions Triggered by Visible Light. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosque
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
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17
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Onida K, Tlili A. Direct Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides by CO
2
Deoxyfluorination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Killian Onida
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246)Univ. LyonUniversité Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246)Univ. LyonUniversité Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
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18
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Ji Y, DiRocco DA, Kind J, Thiele CM, Gschwind RM, Reibarkh M. LED‐Illuminated NMR Spectroscopy: A Practical Tool for Mechanistic Studies of Photochemical Reactions. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ji
- Process Research & DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Daniel A. DiRocco
- Process Research & DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Jonas Kind
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 16 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Christina M. Thiele
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 16 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Process Research & DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
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19
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Song H, Han Z, Zhang C. Concise and Additive‐Free Click Reactions between Amines and CF3SO3CF3. Chemistry 2019; 25:10907-10912. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Xia Song
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Life ScienceWuhan University of Technology 205 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Zhou‐Zhou Han
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Life ScienceWuhan University of Technology 205 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
| | - Cheng‐Pan Zhang
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Life ScienceWuhan University of Technology 205 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 P.R. China
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20
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Pawlowski R, Stanek F, Stodulski M. Recent Advances on Metal-Free, Visible-Light- Induced Catalysis for Assembling Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Based Heterocyclic Scaffolds. Molecules 2019; 24:E1533. [PMID: 31003464 PMCID: PMC6515354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocycles are important class of structures, which occupy a major space in the domain of natural and bioactive compounds. For this reason, development of new synthetic strategies for their controllable synthesis became of special interests. The development of novel photoredox systems with wide-range application in organic synthesis is particularly interesting. Organic dyes have been widely applied as photoredox catalysts in organic synthesis. Their low costs compared to the typical photocatalysts based on transition metals make them an excellent alternative. This review describes proceedings since 2015 in the area of application of metal-free, visible-light-mediated catalysis for assembling various heterocyclic scaffolds containing five- and six-membered rings bearing nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pawlowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Filip Stanek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Stodulski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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