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Sun X, Münzfeld L, Jin D, Hauser A, Roesky PW. Silole and germole complexes of lanthanum and cerium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7976-7979. [PMID: 35758854 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using dianionic metallole ligands (silole or germole) and the cyclooctatetraendiide dianion, heteroleptic lanthanide multi-decker complexes have been prepared. Due to the heteroatom of the metallole ligands intermolecular bridging between the sandwich complexes takes place. Our work highlights that different combinations of the lanthanide and heterocycle lead to different intermolecular interactions including a dimeric La-silole sandwich complex, a La-germole ladder-type polymeric species and a Ce-germole coordination polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Da Jin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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2
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Huang Z, Zheng Y, Zhong M. Transmetalation Reactions of Aromatic Dilithionickelole: Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Complexes Featuring Metalloles as Diene Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:15967-15972. [PMID: 34569115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic metallole dianions are important metallaaromatic compounds because of their various reactivities and extensive synthetic applications. Herein we report the reactions of dilithionickelole with MgCl2 , EtAlCl2 , Cp*ScCl2 , Cp*LuCl2 and Pt(COD)Cl2 (COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene) affording a series of Ni/M heterobimetallic complexes of the general formula (η4 -C4 R4 M)Ni(COD), in which the metalloles act as diene ligands, as suggested by single-crystal X-ray, NMR and theoretical analyses. In these reactions, two electrons of the nickelole dianion transferred to Ni, representing different reactivity compared with main-group metallole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mingdong Zhong
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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3
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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4
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Chibde P, Raut RK, Kumar V, Deb R, Gonnade R, Majumdar M. Intramolecularly Double-Donor-Stabilized Stannylene and Its Coordination towards Ag(I) and Au(I) Centers. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2118-2125. [PMID: 34137196 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecularly double-donor-stabilized stannylene 1 has been synthesized from the salt-metathesis reaction between two equivalents of lithium pyridine ene-amide L1 and SnCl2 . Compound 1 exhibits dipolar behavior when reacted with B(C6 F5 )3 leading to the zwitterionic compound 2. The reaction of 1 with one equivalent and 0.5 equivalent of AgOTf (OTf=trifluoromethane sulfonate) result in the formation of a stannylene-AgOTf complex 3 and a homoleptic distannylene-silver ionic complex 4, respectively. Analogous to complex 4, the gold(I) complex 5 has been synthesized from the reaction between two equivalents of 1 and 0.5 equivalent of AuCl.SMe2 /Me3 SiOTf. Complex 5 is the first example of homoleptic stannylene-Au(I) ionic complex among the very scarce reports on stannylene-gold(I) coordination complexes. All compounds have been structurally characterized using single crystal X-ray crystallography. Solution-state characterization have been performed using multinuclear NMR techniques. Detailed DFT calculations on the optimized geometries 1 o, 3 o-5 o reveal the change in sp- hybridization on the pyramidal Sn(II) center upon metal coordination and their bonding overlaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Chibde
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravindra K Raut
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Deb
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Centre for Material Characterization, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Jambor R, Dostál L, Erben M, Růžičková Z, Jirásko R, Hoffmann A. N,C,N-Coordinated Stannylenes as Ligands in Ag(I) and Au(I) Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Jirásko
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Dong Z, Albers L, Müller T. Trialkylsilyl-Substituted Silole and Germole Dianions as Precursors for Unusual Silicon and Germanium Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:532-543. [PMID: 32031772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Group 14 element heteroles are the heavier analogues of cyclopentadienes in which a heavier group 14 element atom replaces the sp3 carbon atom. In particular siloles and, to a somewhat smaller degree, germoles attracted considerable attention since the early 1990s due to their favorable photophysical properties which allowed the construction of OLEDs using group 14 element heteroles as emissive or electron-transport layers. Anions and in particular dianions derived from group 14 element heteroles have been of substantial interest due to the possible occurrence of Hückel aromaticity involving the heavier main group atom. Aromaticity is not the only notable electronic feature of silole and germole dianions; the spatial and energetic alignment of their frontier orbitals is equally remarkable. With a high lying lone pair at the heteroatom, which is orthogonal to a delocalized π-system, their frontier orbital sequence closely resembles that of N-heterocyclic carbene analogues. Despite these intriguing parallels between carbene analogues and silole and germole dianions, disappointingly little is known about their reactivity. The installation of trialkylsilyl substituents in the 2,5-positions of the heterocyclopentadiene ring as in K2[I] has a remarkable effect on the stability of silole and germole dianions and allows us to study their reactivity and to evaluate their synthetic potential in detail. Simple double salt metathesis reactions with different dihalides provided heterofulvenes. These were detected either as intermediates or, in the case of carbon dihalides, isolated in the form of their ylidic isomers II. In other cases, the heterofulvenes were the starting point for complex reaction sequences leading to novel binuclear complexes of titanium and zirconium III or for simple isomerization reactions that lead to bicyclohexene-type tetrylenes (BCH-tetrylenes) IV, a novel class of heavier carbenes. These bicyclic carbene analogues are significantly stabilized by homoconjugation between the electron deficient tetrel atom and the remote C═C double bond. Compound IV with E'R2═SiR2 and E = Si is a valence isomer of disilabenzene and is a stable derivative of the global minimum of the Si2C4H6 potential energy surface. With group 13 dihalides, as for example with boron dichlorides, topological closely related compounds V were isolated. These Ge(II) complexes of borole dianions are isolobal to half-sandwich complexes of main group elements such as aluminum(I) cyclopentadienide or can be viewed as nido-type clusters. These analogies already open a broad field for future investigations of their reactivity. Trialkylsilyl-substituted heterole dianions I provide a facile synthetic approach to several novel intriguing compound classes with the tetrel element in unusual coordination states. The reactivity and the synthetic potential of these new compounds is however widely unexplored and calls for future systematic studies. Gratifyingly, the periodic table of the elements stills holds a lot of potential for future research on the reactivity of silole and germole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
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7
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Heitkemper T, Naß L, Sindlinger CP. 2,5-Bis-trimethylsilyl substituted boroles. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2706-2714. [PMID: 32049092 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript includes a comprehensive study of the synthesis and spectroscopic features of 2,5-disilyl boroles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
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8
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Radius M, Sattler E, Berberich H, Breher F. Reactivity of a Sterically Unencumbered α-Borylated Phosphorus Ylide towards Small Molecules. Chemistry 2019; 25:12206-12213. [PMID: 31355482 PMCID: PMC6771871 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of substituents on α-borylated phosphorus ylides (α-BCPs) has been investigated in a combined experimental and quantum chemical approach. The synthesis and characterization of Me3 PC(H)B(iBu)2 (1), consisting of small Me substituents on phosphorous and iBu residues on boron, is reported. Compound 1 is accessible through a novel synthetic approach, which has been further elucidated through DFT studies. The reactivity of 1 towards various small molecules was probed and compared with that of a previously published derivative, Ph3 PC(Me)BEt2 (2). Both α-BCPs react with NH3 to undergo heterolytic N-H bond cleavage. Different di- and trimeric ring structures were observed in the reaction products of 1 with CO and CO2 . With PhNCO and PHNCS, the expected insertion products [Me3 PC(H)(PhNCO)B(iBu)2 ] and [Me3 PC(H)(PhNCS)B(iBu)2 ], respectively, were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Radius
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryDivision Molecular ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ewald Sattler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryDivision Molecular ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Helga Berberich
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryDivision Molecular ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryDivision Molecular ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstr. 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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Dong Z, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Potassium Salts of 2,5-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-Germolide: Switching between Aromatic and Non-Aromatic States. Chemistry 2019; 25:10858-10865. [PMID: 31173405 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of a 1-mesityl-2,5-bis-trimethylsilylchlorogermole 8 with KC8 is reported. While the reaction with one equivalent of KC8 gave the dimer with a Ge-Ge bond 10, excess of KC8 (four equivalents) resulted in the formation of the potassium salt of the germole dianion, 11 with reductive cleavage of the Ge-C bond. Careful reduction with two equivalents of KC8 in THF provided the potassium salt of the planar germolide 5. Its solid-state structure revealed contact ion pairs with the potassium ion η5 -coordinated to the germacyclopentadienide ring. The molecular structure of the anion indicates a high degree of cyclic electron delocalization, in agreement with results from DFT calculations. Separation of the ion pair by complexation of the potassium ions with 18-crown-6 triggers the isomerization to germolide 6, which is characterized by a pyramidal coordination sphere of the germanium atom and a localized diene structure. The isomers 5 and 6 represent a rare example for a structurally manifested switch between a non-aromatic and an aromatic state induced by an external stimulus, in this case the complexation of the counter cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
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