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Garrido M, Naranjo A, Pérez EM. Characterization of emerging 2D materials after chemical functionalization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3428-3445. [PMID: 38455011 PMCID: PMC10915849 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05365b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification of 2D materials has proven a powerful tool to fine tune their properties. With this motivation, the development of new reactions has moved extremely fast. The need for speed, together with the intrinsic heterogeneity of the samples, has sometimes led to permissiveness in the purification and characterization protocols. In this review, we present the main tools available for the chemical characterization of functionalized 2D materials, and the information that can be derived from each of them. We then describe examples of chemical modification of 2D materials other than graphene, focusing on the chemical description of the products. We have intentionally selected examples where an above-average characterization effort has been carried out, yet we find some cases where further information would have been welcome. Our aim is to bring together the toolbox of techniques and practical examples on how to use them, to serve as guidelines for the full characterization of covalently modified 2D materials.
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Rojas-Luna R, Amaro-Gahete J, Jiménez-Sanchidrián C, Ruiz JR, Esquivel D, Romero-Salguero FJ. Iridium-Complexed Dipyridyl-Pyridazine Organosilica as a Catalyst for Water Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11954-11965. [PMID: 37459184 PMCID: PMC10394666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The heterogenization of metal-complex catalysts to be applied in water oxidation reactions is a currently growing field of great scientific impact for the development of energy conversion devices simulating the natural photosynthesis process. The attachment of IrCp*Cl complexes to the dipyridyl-pyridazine N-chelating sites on the surface of SBA-15 promotes the formation of metal bipyridine-like complexes, which can act as catalytic sites in the oxidation of water to dioxygen, the key half-reaction of artificial photosynthetic systems. The efficiency of the heterogeneous catalyst, Ir@NdppzSBA, in cerium(IV)-driven water oxidation was thoroughly evaluated, achieving high catalytic activity even at a long reaction time. The reusability and stability were also examined after three reaction cycles, with a slight loss of activity. A comparison with an analogous homogeneous iridium catalyst revealed the enhanced durability and performance of the heterogeneous system based on the Ir@NdppzSBA catalyst due to the stability of the SBA-15 structure as well as the isolated metal active sites. Thereby, this new versatile synthesis route for the preparation of water oxidation catalysts opens a new avenue for the construction of alternative heterogeneous catalytic systems with high surface area, ease of functionalization, and facile separation to improve the efficiency in the water oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Rojas-Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Amaro-Gahete
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - César Jiménez-Sanchidrián
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Rafael Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dolores Esquivel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Romero-Salguero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Rojas-Luna R, Castillo-Rodríguez M, Ruiz JR, Jiménez-Sanchidrián C, Esquivel D, Romero-Salguero FJ. Ru- and Ir-complex decorated periodic mesoporous organosilicas as sensitizers for artificial photosynthesis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18708-18721. [PMID: 36448984 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and facile strategy based on an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between 5-norbornen-2-yltriethoxysilane and a tetrazine derivative has been established for the synthesis of a new triethoxysilane precursor containing dipyridylpyridazine units. Such a precursor has been incorporated into the mesostructure of an ethylene-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) material through a one-pot synthesis via a co-condensation method. Upon attachment of Ru- and Ir-complexes to the pendant N-chelating heterocyclic ligands, the resulting decorated PMOs have acted as photosensitizers in artificial photosynthetic systems. The deposition of Pt on these PMOs has allowed us to obtain efficient photocatalytic materials for the hydrogen evolution reaction as a result of electron transfer from the light harvesting Ru- and Ir-complexes to the supported Pt nanoparticles through methyl viologen as an electron relay. They have exhibited total turnover number values of 573 and 846, respectively, under visible light irradiation. The role played by each component and the stability of the photocatalytic systems have been discussed. The present approach paves the way to the synthesis of different materials with coordination sites capable of forming surface complexes to be applied as sensitizers and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Rojas-Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Miguel Castillo-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - José R Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - César Jiménez-Sanchidrián
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Dolores Esquivel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Romero-Salguero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Navarro MÁ, Amaro-Gahete J, Ruiz JR, Jiménez-Sanchidrián C, Romero-Salguero FJ, Esquivel D. Copper-complexed dipyridyl-pyridazine functionalized periodic mesoporous organosilica as a heterogeneous catalyst for styrene epoxidation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4884-4897. [PMID: 35260869 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new heterogeneous catalyst has been synthesized by immobilization of a copper complex on dipyridyl-pyridazine functionalized periodic mesoporous organosilica (dppz-vPMO). This ordered support was first prepared by a co-condensation reaction between vinyltriethoxysilane and 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane and further post-functionalized through a hetero Diels-Alder reaction with 3,6-di-2-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. Techniques such as XRD, N2 isotherms, TEM, 13C NMR, XPS and DRIFT, among others, were employed to characterize the surface functionalized materials. These results have proven the ordered mesostructure of the materials as well as the presence of novel nitrogen-chelating heterocyclic compounds on the pore surface after the post-modification process. Additionally, the successful anchoring of a copper complex on the dipyridyl-pyridazine (dppz) ligands has been confirmed. The resulting material was evaluated as a heterogeneous catalyst in the epoxidation of styrene using tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant. Under the optimized reaction conditions, Cu@dppz-vPMO showed a high styrene conversion (86.0%) and a remarkable selectivity to styrene oxide (41.9%). Indeed, this catalyst provided excellent catalytic results in terms of stability, reaction rate, conversion and selectivity compared to other bipyridine-like copper catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles Navarro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan Amaro-Gahete
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - José R Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - César Jiménez-Sanchidrián
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Romero-Salguero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Dolores Esquivel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica (IUNAN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Apostol AA, Mihalache I, Mocanu T, Tutunaru O, Pachiu C, Gavrila R, Maxim C, Andruh M. Luminescent [Zn
II
Ln
III
] complexes anchored on graphene: Synthesis and crystal structures of [Zn
II
Eu
III
] and [Zn
II
Tb
III
] complexes decorated with pyrene groups. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Apostol
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies Bucharest Romania
| | - Iuliana Mihalache
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies Bucharest Romania
| | - Teodora Mocanu
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania
- Laboratory of Coordination and Supramolecular Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu” Institute of Physical Chemistry Bucharest Romania
| | - Oana Tutunaru
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies Bucharest Romania
| | - Cristina Pachiu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies Bucharest Romania
| | - Raluca Gavrila
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies Bucharest Romania
| | - Catalin Maxim
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania
| | - Marius Andruh
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania
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Nisha S, Senthil Kumar A. π-Self-Assembly of a Coronene on Carbon Nanomaterial-Modified Electrode and Its Symmetrical Redox and H 2O 2 Electrocatalytic Reduction Functionalities. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:11817-11828. [PMID: 32478273 PMCID: PMC7254800 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structure-electroactivity relationship of graphene has been studied using coronene (Cor), polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), and a subunit of graphene as a model system by chemically modified electrode approach. In general, graphene and PAH do not show any redox activity in their native form. Herein, we report a simple electrochemical approach for the conversion of electro-inactive coronene to a highly redox-active molecule (Cor-Redox; E°' = 0.235 ± 0.005 V vs Ag/AgCl) after being adsorbed on graphitic carbon nanomaterial and preconditioned at an applied potential, 1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl, wherein, the water molecule oxidizes to dioxygen via hydroxyl radical (•OH) intermediate, in acidic solution (pH 2 KCl-HCl). When the same coronene electrochemical experiment was carried out on an unmodified glassy carbon electrode, there was no sign of faradic signal, revealing the unique electrochemical behavior of the coronene molecule on graphitic nanomaterial. The Cor-Redox peak is found to be highly symmetrical (peak-to-peak potential separation of ∼0 V tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV)) and surface-confined (ΓCor-Redox = 10.1 × 10-9 mol cm-2) and has proton-coupled electron-transfer (∂E°'/∂pH = -56 mV pH-1) character. Initially, it was speculated that Cor is converted to a hydroxy group-functionalized Cor molecule (dihydroxy benzene derivative) on the graphitic surface and showed the electrochemical redox activity. However, physicochemical characterization studies including Raman, IR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), redox-site selective oxidation probe, cysteine (for dihydroxy benzene), radical scavenger ((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl, TEMPO), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) using ferricyanide redox couple have revealed that coronene cationic radical species like electroactive molecule is formed on graphitic material upon the electrochemical oxidation reaction at a high anodic potential. It has been proposed that •OH generated as an intermediate species from the water oxidation reaction is involved in the coronene cationic radical species. Studies on coronene electrochemical reaction at various carbon nanomaterials like multiwalled carbon, single-walled carbon, graphite, graphene oxide, and carbon nanofiber revealed that graphitic structure (without any oxygen functional groups) and its π-π bonding are key factors for the success of the electrochemical reaction. The coronene molecular redox peak showed an unusual electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide similar to the peroxidase enzyme-biocatalyzed reduction reaction in physiological solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Nisha
- Nano
and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Annamalai Senthil Kumar
- Nano
and Bioelectrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute
of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
- Carbon
Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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