1
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Li H, Li W, Song K, Liu Y, Zhao G, Du YL. Nitric oxide synthase-guided genome mining identifies a cytochrome P450 enzyme for olefin nitration in bacterial specialized metabolism. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2024; 9:127-133. [PMID: 38304063 PMCID: PMC10831120 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The biological signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) has recently emerged as a metabolic precursor for the creation of microbial natural products with diversified structures and biological activities. Within the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of these compounds, genes associated with NO production pathways have been pinpointed. In this study, we employ a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-guided genome mining strategy for the targeted discovery of NO-derived bacterial natural products and NO-utilizing biocatalysts. We show that a conserved NOS-containing BGC, distributed across several actinobacterial genomes, is responsible for the biosynthesis of lajollamycin, a unique nitro-tetraene-containing antibiotic whose biosynthetic mechanism remains elusive. Through a combination of in vivo and in vitro studies, we unveil the first cytochrome P450 enzyme capable of catalyzing olefin nitration in natural product biosynthesis. These results not only expand the current knowledge about biosynthetic nitration processes but also offer an efficient way for targeted identification of NO-utilizing metabolic pathways and novel nitrating biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kaihui Song
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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2
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Evangelista AG, Nazareth TDM, Luz C, Dopazo V, Moreno A, Riolo M, Meca G, Luciano FB. The Probiotic Potential and Metabolite Characterization of Bioprotective Bacillus and Streptomyces for Applications in Animal Production. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:388. [PMID: 38338031 PMCID: PMC10854626 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their potential in managing bacterial challenges in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic potential of Bacillus and Streptomyces strains, specifically their bioprotective ability against Salmonella. In agar inhibition assays, these bacteria supported Salmonella-inhibition zones, ranging from 2.5 ± 0.5 to 6.3 ± 2.0 mm. Analyses of antimicrobial metabolites revealed their capacity to produce compounds with anti-Salmonella properties, except for Bacillus subtilis MLB2. When Salmonella was exposed to lyophilized metabolites, inhibition occurred in both liquid (at concentrations between 250 and 500 g/L) and solid cultures (at 500 g/L). To confirm their probiotic potential, the S. griseus and Bacillus strains underwent evaluations for antimicrobial resistance, bile salt tolerance, auto- and co-aggregation, pH resistance, and their ability to adhere to and inhibit Salmonella in Caco-2 cells. These assessments confirmed their probiotic potential. The probiotic strains were further encapsulated and subjected to simulated swine and poultry digestion. They demonstrated survival potential through the gastrointestinal tract and significantly reduced the Salmonella population. Thus, these strains exhibit considerable promise for producing biotechnological products aimed at controlling Salmonella in animal production. This approach ensures the health and hygiene of farming facilities, mitigates the spread of zoonotic bacteria, and contributes positively to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil;
| | - Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil;
- Departament Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l’Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. de Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 València, Spain; (C.L.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Carlos Luz
- Departament Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l’Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. de Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 València, Spain; (C.L.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Victor Dopazo
- Departament Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l’Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. de Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 València, Spain; (C.L.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Ana Moreno
- Departament Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l’Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. de Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 València, Spain; (C.L.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Mario Riolo
- Departament Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l’Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. de Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 València, Spain; (C.L.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Departament Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l’Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. de Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 València, Spain; (C.L.); (V.D.); (A.M.); (M.R.); (G.M.)
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, Brazil;
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3
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Song Y, Kim JH, Kim YC, Kim S. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Oxazolomycins B and C. Chemistry 2021; 27:10731-10736. [PMID: 33999453 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Efforts towards the first total synthesis of (-)-oxazolomycin B and (+)-oxazolomycin C from the intermediate of our previous synthesis of (+)-neoxazolomycin are reported. The syntheses were achieved in a longest linear sequence of 25 steps from the amino acid serine in 3.6 and 2.7 % overall yields, respectively. The efficiency of our approach is derived from silyl triflate-mediated reductive oxazolidine ring-opening and Fürstner's Ru-catalyzed hydrosilylation and protodesilylation reactions. The obtained spectra and optical rotations were in good agreement with those of natural products, thus confirming the structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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4
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Mu Y, Jiang Y, Qu X, Liu B, Tan J, Li G, Jiang M, Li L, Han L, Huang X. Oxazolomycins produced by Streptomyces glaucus and their cytotoxic activity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35011-35019. [PMID: 35494745 PMCID: PMC9042891 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06182h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six oxazolomycins (1–6) were isolated from the fermentation broth of a soil-borne bacterial strain, Streptomyces glaucus. The structures of the new compounds, oxazolomycins D–F (1–3) and glaucumycins A, B (6a/6b), were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data analysis. Oxazolomycins 1, 2, 4, and 5 demonstrated weak or modest cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 10.6 ± 1.7 to 89.5 ± 6.6 μM (or >100 μM). Further study showed that 4 caused S phase cell cycle arrest in SMMC7721 cells through down-regulating the protein expression of cyclin A2, CDK2. Meanwhile, 4 induced apoptosis in SMMC7721 cells through down-regulating the protein levels of Bcl-2, up-regulating the levels of Bax, and activating the cleavage of caspase-3. Six oxazolomycins (1–6) were isolated from the fermentation broth of a soil-borne bacterial strain, Streptomyces glaucus.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaodan Qu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Junfeng Tan
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Guiding Li
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Liya Li
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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5
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Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:362-413. [PMID: 33570537 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2019 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 719 citations (701 for the period January to December 2019) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 440 papers for 2019), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Methods used to study marine fungi and their chemical diversity have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia and School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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6
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Chaheine CM, Gladen PT, Abbasov ME, Romo D. Enantioselective, Organocatalytic Strategy for the Oxazolomycin Core: Formal Synthesis of (+)-Neooxazolomycin. Org Lett 2020; 22:9282-9286. [PMID: 33226820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A concise, organocatalytic, enantioselective route to the γ-lactam core of the oxazolomycins was developed. Key steps include a Lewis base-catalyzed, Michael proton transfer-lactamization organocascade, a one-pot N-methylation and diastereoselective α-alkylation, a diastereotopic group-selective reduction, a substrate-directed allylic hydroxylation, and a lanthanide-mediated organolithium addition to append the side chain. A formal synthesis of (+)-neooxazolomycin via interception of a Kende intermediate, accessed in 10 steps (previously 24 steps from α-d-glucose), enabled confirmation of the relative and absolute stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Chaheine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76798-7046, United States
| | - Paul T Gladen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76798-7046, United States
| | - Mikail E Abbasov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76798-7046, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Avenue, Waco, Texas 76798-7046, United States
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7
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Gao S, Duan M, Shao Q, Houk KN, Chen M. Development of α,α-Disubstituted Crotylboronate Reagents and Stereoselective Crotylation via Brønsted or Lewis Acid Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18355-18368. [PMID: 33052047 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of α,α-disubstituted crotylboronate reagents is reported. Chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed asymmetric aldehyde addition with the developed E-crotylboron reagent gave (E)-anti-1,2-oxaborinan-3-enes with excellent enantioselectivities and E-selectivities. With BF3·OEt2 catalysis, the stereoselectivity is reversed, and (Z)-δ-boryl-anti-homoallylic alcohols are obtained with excellent Z-selectivities from the same E-crotylboron reagent. The Z-crotylboron reagent also participates in BF3·OEt2-catalyzed crotylation to furnish (Z)-δ-boryl-syn-homoallylic alcohols with good Z-selectivities. DFT computations establish the origins of observed enantio- and stereoselectivities of chiral Brønsted acid-catalyzed asymmetric allylation. Stereochemical models for BF3·OEt2-catalyzed reactions are proposed to rationalize the Z-selective allyl additions. These reactions generate highly valuable homoallylic alcohol products with a stereodefined trisubstituted alkene unit. The synthetic utility is further demonstrated by the total syntheses of salinipyrones A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Meng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qianzhen Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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8
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Hatakeyama S. Fascinated by Natural Product Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Oka K, Fuchi S, Komine K, Fukuda H, Hatakeyama S, Ishihara J. Catalytic Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Exiguolide. Chemistry 2020; 26:12862-12867. [PMID: 32428309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-exiguolide, a complex 20-membered macrolide embedded with a bis(tetrahydropyran) motif, is reported. The convergent synthesis involves the construction of the C1-C11 tetrahydropyran segment via catalytic asymmetric allylation and Prins cyclization, and the formation of the C12-C21 phosphonate segment via catalytic asymmetric cyclocondensation reaction and Johnson-Claisen rearrangement. The synthesis of 15-epi-exiguolide is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Oka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fuchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Keita Komine
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hayato Fukuda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Susumi Hatakeyama
- Medical Innovation Center, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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10
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A stereoselective approach in preparation of γ-lactam precursors for oxazolomycin’s synthesis. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Oleksak P, Gonda J, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Musilek K. The oxazolomycin family: a review of current knowledge. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40745-40794. [PMID: 35519217 PMCID: PMC9057759 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08396h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxazolomycin A and neooxazolomycin were firstly isolated in 1985 by the group of Uemura et al. from the Streptomyces sp. bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Oleksak
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Gonda
- Pavol Jozef Safarik University
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Kosice
- Slovak Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Hradec Kralove
- Czech Republic
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12
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Kim JH, Kim I, Song Y, Kim MJ, Kim S. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐Neooxazolomycin Using a Chirality‐Transfer Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- College of PharmacySeoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Illan Kim
- College of PharmacySeoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Yeonghun Song
- College of PharmacySeoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- College of PharmacySeoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of PharmacySeoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
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13
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Kim JH, Kim I, Song Y, Kim MJ, Kim S. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Neooxazolomycin Using a Chirality-Transfer Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11018-11022. [PMID: 31168911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of (+)-neooxazolomycin was achieved from the amino-acid d-serine. The efficiency of this approach is derived from the use of principles of memory of chirality and dynamic kinetic resolution in the intramolecular aldol reaction of a serine derivative to build the densely functionalized lactam framework and to install three contiguous stereocenters. The key intermediate was readily elaborated to the target natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Illan Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonghun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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