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Matussek M, Kurpanik-Wójcik A, Gogoc S, Fijołek A, Filapek M, Naumczuk B, Data P. Electroactive Dyes Based on 1,8-Naphthalimide with Acetylene Linkers as Promising OLED Materials - the Relationship Between Structure and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302115. [PMID: 37548079 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Four A-π-D-π-A type small organic molecules with 1,8-naphthalimide motifs were successfully synthesised. The designed compounds are built of two 1,8-naphthalimide units linked via ethynyl π-linkages with selected functionalised donor motifs i. e. 2,2'-bithiophene, fluorene, phenothiazine and carbazole derivative. The synthesis based on Sonogashira cross-coupling allowed us to obtain the presented dyes with good yields. The resulting symmetrical small molecules' optical, electrochemical and thermal properties were thoroughly investigated, and their potential applicability for the OLED devices was demonstrated. In addition, the relationship between molecular structure and properties was considered by employing experimental and theoretical studies. As a result of using various donor groups, it was possible to achieve efficient electroluminescence in the range from green (DEV4) to orange-red light (DEV3) with a maximum luminance of 3 820 cd/m2 for DEV4. Upon the insertion of an acetylene linker to the designed molecules, the free rotation of D and A fragments, and hence the effective π-electron communication within the entire molecule, is possible, which was confirmed by DFT studies. The obtained dyes are characterised by high thermal stability, reversible oxidation-reduction process, satisfactory optoelectronic properties and good solubility in organic solvents, which is advisable for the application in small molecular organic light-emitting diodes (SM-OLEDs) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Matussek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Szymon Gogoc
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Fijołek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Filapek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Naumczuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Data
- Department of Molecular Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-543, Łódź, Poland
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Lee J, Jo U, Lee JY. Suppression of Dexter Energy Transfer through Modulating Donor Segments of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Assistant Dopants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21261-21269. [PMID: 37076130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Device degradation in red hyperfluorescent organic light-emitting diodes is primarily caused by exciton energy loss due to Dexter energy transfer (DET) from a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) assistant dopant to a fluorescent dopant. In this work, the donor segments in the TADF assistant dopants were delicately modulated to suppress DET for high efficiency. The derived benzothienocarbazole donors were introduced to the TADF assistant dopants instead of carbazole, and they accelerated the reverse intersystem crossing of the TADF assistant dopant and managed the DET from the TADF assistant dopant to the fluorescent dopant. As a result, the red TADF-assisted device showed a high external quantum efficiency of 14.7% and improved the device lifetime by 70% compared to a well-known TADF-assisted device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Unhyeok Jo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
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Bartkowski K, Zimmermann Crocomo P, Kochman MA, Kumar D, Kubas A, Data P, Lindner M. Tandem rigidification and π-extension as a key tool for the development of a narrow linewidth yellow hyperfluorescent OLED system. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10119-10128. [PMID: 36128243 PMCID: PMC9430727 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03342a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperfluorescence (HF), a relatively new phenomenon utilizing the transfer of excitons between two luminophores, requires careful pairwise tuning of molecular energy levels and is proposed to be the crucial step towards the development of new, highly effective OLED systems. To date, barely few HF yellow emitters with desired narrowband emission but moderate external quantum efficiency (EQE < 20%) have been reported. This is because a systematic strategy embracing both Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and triplet to singlet (TTS) transition as complementary mechanisms for effective exciton transfer has not yet been proposed. Herein, we present a rational approach, which allows, through subtle structural modification, a pair of compounds built from the same donor and acceptor subunits, but with varied communication between these ambipolar fragments, to be obtained. The TADF-active dopant is based on a naphthalimide scaffold linked to the nitrogen of a carbazole moiety, which through the introduction of an additional bond leads not only to π-cloud enlargement, but also rigidifies and inhibits the rotation of the donor. This structural change prevents TADF, and guides bandgaps and excited state energies to simultaneously pursue FRET and TTS processes. New OLED devices utilizing the presented emitters show excellent external quantum efficiency (up to 27%) and a narrow full width at half maximum (40 nm), which is a consequence of very good alignment of energy levels. The presented design principles prove that only a minor structural modification is needed to obtain commercially applicable dyes for HF OLED devices. The rigidification with simultaneous π-extension of TADF-active dye leads to fluorescent dopant with fine-tuned energy levels. These used as hyperfluorescent OLED device shows extraordinary EQE and brightness due to effective FRET and TTS processes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bartkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | | | - Michał Andrzej Kochman
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Dharmandra Kumar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology M. Strzody 9 Gliwice 44-100 Poland
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
| | - Przemysław Data
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology M. Strzody 9 Gliwice 44-100 Poland
| | - Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 01-224 Poland
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Naveen KR, Prabhu Cp K, Braveenth R, Kwon JH. Molecular Design Strategy for Orange-red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters in OLEDs. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103532. [PMID: 34918399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pure organic molecules based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have been successfully developed in recent years for their propitious application in highly efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In case of orange-red emitters, the non-radiative process is known to be a serious issue due to its lower lying singlet energy level. However, recent studies indicate that there are tremendous efforts put to develop efficient orange-red TADF emitters. And the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of heteroaromatic based orange-red TADF OLEDs surpassed 30%. Such heteroaromatic type emitters showed wide emission spectra, therefore more attention is being paid to develop highly efficient orange-red TADF emitters along with good color purity. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress of orange-red TADF emitters based on molecular structures such as cyano benzene, heteroaromatic, naphthalimide, and boron based acceptors. Further, our insight on these acceptors has been provided by their photophysical studies and device performances. Future perspectives of orange-red TADF emitters for real practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jang Hyuk Kwon
- Kyung Hee University, Department of Information Display, 26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, 130-701, Seoul, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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Haase N, Danos A, Pflumm C, Stachelek P, Brütting W, Monkman AP. Are the rates of dexter transfer in TADF hyperfluorescence systems optically accessible? MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1805-1815. [PMID: 34846509 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01666g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Seemingly not, but for unexpected reasons. Combining the triplet harvesting properties of TADF materials with the fast emission rates and colour purity of fluorescent emitters is attractive for developing high performance OLEDs. In this "hyperfluorescence" approach, triplet excitons are converted to singlets on the TADF material and transferred to the fluorescent material by long range Förster energy transfer. The primary loss mechanism is assumed to be Dexter energy transfer from the TADF triplet to the non-emissive triplet of the fluorescent emitter. Here we use optical spectroscopy to investigate energy transfer in representative emissive layers. Despite observing kinetics that at first appear consistent with Dexter quenching of the TADF triplet state, transient absorption, photoluminescence quantum yields, and comparison to phosphor-sensitised "hyperphosphorescent" systems reveal that this is not the case. While Dexter quenching by the fluorescent emitter is likely still a key loss mechanism in devices, we demonstrate that - despite initial appearances - it is inoperative under optical excitation. These results reveal a deep limitation of optical spectroscopy in characterizing hyperfluorescent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haase
- Institute of Physics, Experimental Physics IV, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
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Jung YH, Karthik D, Lee H, Maeng JH, Yang KJ, Hwang S, Kwon JH. A New BODIPY Material for Pure Color and Long Lifetime Red Hyperfluorescence Organic Light-Emitting Diode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17882-17891. [PMID: 33826283 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A red fluorescent material, 1,3,7,9-tetrakis(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-5,5-difluoro-10-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5H-4l4,5l4-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2',1'-f][1,3,2]diazaborinine (4tBuMB), as an emitting dopant in a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) sensitized hyperfluorescence organic light-emitting diode (HFOLED) is reported. The 4tBuMB shows a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 99% with an emission maximum at 620 nm and a full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of 31 nm in solution. Further, it shows a deep lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of 3.83 eV. Thus, two TADF materials, 4CzIPN and 4CzTPN, as sensitizing hosts, are selected on the basis of a suitable LUMO level and spectrum overlap with 4tBuMB. The fabricated HFOLED device with 4CzTPN as a sensitizing host and 4tBuMB as an emitting dopant shows a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE), an emission maximum, an fwhm, and CIE coordinates of 19.4%, 617 nm, 44 nm, and (0.64, 0.36), respectively. The electroluminance performances of the 4CzTPN sensitized device are higher than those of the 4CzIPN-based device, which is attributed to a higher Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) rate and reduced intersystem crossing/reverse intersystem crossing (ISC/RISC) cycles of the former. Also, the 4CzTPN-based HF device shows a longer device lifetime (LT90) of 954 h than the 4CzIPN-baed device (LT90 of 57 h) at 3000 cd m-2. The higher device stability is due to the higher bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of 4CzTPN and 4tBuMB than that of 4CzIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Jung
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Laboratory, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Durai Karthik
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Laboratory, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuna Lee
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Laboratory, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Maeng
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Laboratory, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Joon Yang
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Laboratory, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjae Hwang
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Laboratory, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyuk Kwon
- Organic Optoelectronic Device Laboratory, Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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El-Berjawi R, Rocard L, Goujon A, Cauchy T, Hudhomme P. Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of AzaBenzannulated Perylenediimide-Based Light-Harvesting Dyads. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12252-12261. [PMID: 32907332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular imine photocyclization has been explored for grafting on the bay region of perylenediimide (PDI) different electro- and photoactive chromophores to achieve new AzaBenzannulated-PDI (AzaBPDI) dyads. Triphenylamine (TPA), fluorene (Fl), perylenemonoimide (PMI), and perylenediimide (PDI) units have been successfully assembled to AzaBPDI using this straightforward one-pot synthesis starting from the easily accessible 1-aminoPDI. This original procedure was compared to the well-known Pictet-Spengler reaction and appears to be an attractive alternative in terms of versatility and efficiency with higher yields obtained. The optical and electrochemical properties of these molecular systems demonstrated large absorption capabilities in the visible range, good accepting abilities with low LUMO levels, and efficient electronic interactions between chromophoric units such as energy or electron transfers. In addition, with their large dihedral angle estimated by theoretical calculations, those dyads should present interesting applications in various organic optoelectronic devices. In particular, the PMI-AzaBPDI and PDI-AzaBPDI dyads presenting low LUMO levels, a broad absorption in the visible range, and a twisted conformation make them good candidates as non-fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayane El-Berjawi
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers Cedex, 49045 France
| | - Lou Rocard
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers Cedex, 49045 France
| | - Antoine Goujon
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers Cedex, 49045 France
| | - Thomas Cauchy
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers Cedex, 49045 France
| | - Piétrick Hudhomme
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR Matrix, 2 Bd Lavoisier, Angers Cedex, 49045 France
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Jin R, Xin J. Rational Design of π-Conjugated Tricoordinated Organoboron Derivatives With Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Properties for Application in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Front Chem 2020; 8:577834. [PMID: 33195067 PMCID: PMC7554541 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.577834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of donor–acceptor (D–A) tricoordinated organoboron derivatives (1–10) have been systematically investigated for thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF)-based organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials. The calculated results show that the designed molecules exhibit small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) values. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis indicated that the designed molecules display an efficient separation between donor and acceptor fragments because of a small overlap between donor and acceptor fragments on HOMOs and LUMOs. Furthermore, the delayed fluorescence emission color can be tuned effectively by introduction of different polycyclic aromatic fragments in parent molecule 1. The calculated results show that molecules 2, 3, and 4 possess more significant Stokes shifts and red emission with small ΔEST values. Nevertheless, other molecules exhibit green (1, 7, and 8), light green (6 and 10), and blue (5 and 9) emissions. Meanwhile, they are potential ambipolar charge transport materials except that 4 and 10 can serve as electron and hole transport materials only, respectively. Therefore, we proposed a rational way for the design of efficient TADF materials as well as charge transport materials for OLEDs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifa Jin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Ruifa Jin
| | - Jingfan Xin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
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