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Müller VVL, Moreth D, Kowalski K, Kowalczyk A, Gapińska M, Kutta RJ, Nuernberger P, Schatzschneider U. Tuning The Intracellular Distribution of [3+2+1] Iridium(III) Complexes In Bacterial And Mammalian Cells By iClick Reaction With Biomolecular Carriers Functionalized With Alkynone Groups. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401603. [PMID: 39288294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Three iridium(III) triazolato complexes of the general formula [Ir(triazolatoR,R')(ppy)(terpy)]PF6 with ppy=2-phenylpyridine and terpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine were efficiently prepared by iClick reaction of [Ir(N3)(ppy)(terpy)]PF6, with alkynes and alkynones, which allowed facile introduction of biological carriers such as biotin and cholic acid. In contrast to the precursor azido complex, which decomposed upon photoexcitation on a very short time scale, the triazolato complexes were stable in solution for up to 48 h. They emit in the spectral region around 540 nm with a quantum yield of 15-35 % in aerated acetonitrile solution and exhibit low cytotoxicity with IC50 values >50 μM for most complexes in L929 and HeLa cells, demonstrating their high suitability as luminescent probes. Cell uptake studies with confocal luminescence microscopy in prokaryotic Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria as well as eukaryotic mammalian L929 and HeLa cells showed significant uptake in particular of the cholic acid conjugates iridium(III) moiety and distinct intracellular distribution modulated by the nature of the peripheral functional groups that can easily be modified by the iClick reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V L Müller
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Moreth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gapińska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Nuernberger
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schatzschneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8825-9014. [PMID: 39052606 PMCID: PMC11328004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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3
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Saikia D, Jadhav P, Hole AR, Krishna CM, Singh SP. Growth Kinetics Monitoring of Gram-Negative Pathogenic Microbes Using Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1263-1271. [PMID: 35694822 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221109624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical density based measurements are routinely performed to monitor the growth of microbes. These measurements solely depend upon the number of cells and do not provide any information about the changes in the biochemical milieu or biological status. An objective information about these parameters is essential for evaluation of novel therapies and for maximizing the metabolite production. In the present study, we have applied Raman spectroscopy to monitor growth kinetics of three different pathogenic Gram-negative microbes Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Spectral measurements were performed under 532 nm excitation with 5 seconds of exposure time. Spectral features suggest temporal changes in the "peptide" and "nucleic acid" content of cells under different growth stages. Using principal component analysis (PCA), successful discrimination between growth phases was also achieved. Overall, the findings are supportive of the prospective adoption of Raman based approaches for monitoring microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Saikia
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
| | - Priyanka Jadhav
- Tata Memorial Centre, 29435Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, India
| | - Arti R Hole
- Tata Memorial Centre, 29435Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Chilakapati Murali Krishna
- Tata Memorial Centre, 29435Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai, India
- Training School Complex, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
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Schwehr BJ, Hartnell D, Massi M, Hackett MJ. Luminescent Metal Complexes as Emerging Tools for Lipid Imaging. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:46. [PMID: 35976575 PMCID: PMC9385838 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is a key tool in the biological sciences, which finds use as a routine laboratory technique (e.g., epifluorescence microscope) or more advanced confocal, two-photon, and super-resolution applications. Through continued developments in microscopy, and other analytical methods, the importance of lipids as constituents of subcellular organelles, signalling or regulating molecules continues to emerge. The increasing recognition of the importance of lipids to fundamental cell biology (in health and disease) has prompted the development of protocols and techniques to image the distribution of lipids in cells and tissues. A diverse suite of spectroscopic and microscopy tools are continuously being developed and explored to add to the "toolbox" to study lipid biology. A relatively recent breakthrough in this field has been the development and subsequent application of metal-based luminescent complexes for imaging lipids in biological systems. These metal-based compounds appear to offer advantages with respect to their tunability of the photophysical properties, in addition to capabilities centred around selectively targeting specific lipid structures or classes of lipids. The presence of the metal centre also opens the path to alternative imaging modalities that might not be applicable to traditional organic fluorophores. This review examines the current progress and developments in metal-based luminescent complexes to study lipids, in addition to exploring potential new avenues and challenges for the field to take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Schwehr
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
| | - Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia. .,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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5
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Shakeel S, Nawaz H, Majeed MI, Rashid N, Javed MR, Tariq A, Majeed B, Sehar A, Murtaza S, Sadaf N, Rimsha G, Amin I. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of the centrifugally filtered blood serum samples of the hepatitis C patients. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102949. [PMID: 35661826 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously Raman spectroscopy technique is a use to analyze non-invasive disease related to body fluids. OBJECTIVES For the qualitative and quantitative analysis of HCV serum samples surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based method is developed. METHOD Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique is employed for analysis of filtrate portions of blood serum samples of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients and healthy ones by using 50 kDa centrifugal filter device. The filtrate portions of the serum obtained in this way contain proteins smaller than 50 kDa and removal of bigger size protein which allows to acquire SERS spectral features of smaller proteins more effectively which are probably associated with Hepatitis C infection. Moreover, SERS spectral features of the filtrates of different level of viral load including low, medium and high viral loads are compared with SERS spectral features of the filtrate portions of healthy/control serum samples. SERS spectral data sets of different samples are further analyzed by using multivariate data analysis techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR). Some SERS spectral features are solely observed in the filtrate portions of the serum samples of hepatitis C and their intensities are increased as the level of viral load increases and might be used for HCV diagnosis. RESULTS PCA was found helpful for differentiation of SERS spectral data sets of filtrate portions of the serum samples of hepatitis C and healthy persons. The PLSR model helped for the quantification of viral loads in the unknown serum samples with 99 % accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Shakeel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Tariq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Beenish Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aafia Sehar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sania Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nimra Sadaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Gull Rimsha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- PCR Laboratory, PINUM Hospital, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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6
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Dallerba E, Hartnell D, Hackett MJ, Massi M, Lowe AB. Well‐defined Tetrazole‐functional Copolymers as Macromolecular Ligands for Luminescent Ir(III) and Re(I) Metal Species: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and Application in Bioimaging. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dallerba
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI) Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI) Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Andrew B. Lowe
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
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7
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Walden MT, Yufit DS, Williams JG. Luminescent bis-tridentate iridium(III) complexes: Overcoming the undesirable reactivity of trans-disposed metallated rings using –N^N^N-coordinating bis(1,2,4-triazolyl)pyridine ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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9
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Zhu JH, Yiu SM, Tang BZ, Lo KKW. Luminescent Neutral Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Featuring a Cubic Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane for Lipid Droplet Imaging and Photocytotoxic Applications. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11672-11683. [PMID: 34269564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New neutral iridium(III) complexes featuring a cubic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) unit, [Ir(N∧C)2(L1-POSS)] [HN∧C = 2-phenylpyridine (Hppy; 1), 2-phenylbenzothioazole (Hbt; 2), and 2-(1-naphthyl)benzothiazole (Hbsn; 3); L1-POSS = (E)-4-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]benzyl 3-heptakis(isobutyl)POSS-propyl carbamate], were designed and synthesized. Their POSS-free counterparts, [Ir(N∧C)2(L1)] [L1 = (E)-N-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methanimine; HN∧C = Hppy (1a), Hbt (2a), and Hbsn (3a)], and the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives [Ir(N∧C)2(L1-PEG)] [L1-PEG = (E)-4-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]benzyl 3-[2-[ω-methoxypoly(1-oxapropyl)]ethyl]carbamate; HN∧C = Hppy (1b), Hbt (2b), and Hbsn (3b)] were also prepared. The photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties of the POSS complexes were compared with those of their POSS-free and PEG-modified counterparts. Upon irradiation, all of these complexes displayed orange-to-red emission and long emission lifetimes under ambient conditions. The bsn complexes 3, 3a, and 3b exhibited the highest singlet oxygen (1O2) generation quantum yields (ΦΔ = 0.85-0.86) in aerated CH3CN. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy images revealed that complexes 1-3 and 1a-3a showed exclusive lipid-droplet staining upon cellular uptake, while the PEG derivatives 1b-3b displayed lysosomal localization. Complex 3 was utilized to study various lipid-droplet-related biological events including lipid-droplet accumulation under oleic acid stimulation, the movement of lipid droplets, and preadipocyte differentiation. Notably, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays indicated that the ppy complexes 1 and 1b and the bt complexes 2 and 2b were noncytotoxic both in the dark and upon irradiation at 450 nm for 5 min (IC50 > 200 μM), while the bsn complexes 3, 3a, and 3b showed low dark cytotoxicity (IC50 = 52.9 to >200 μM) and high photocytotoxicity (IC50 = 1.1-5.3 μM). The cellular uptake, internalization mechanisms, and cell death pathways of these complexes were also investigated. This work not only offers promising luminescent probes for lipid droplets through the structural modification of iridium(III) complexes but also paves the way to the construction of new reagents for theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Center of Functional Photonics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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10
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Maria Ranieri A, Vezzelli M, Leslie KG, Huang S, Stagni S, Jacquemin D, Jiang H, Hubbard A, Rigamonti L, Watkin ELJ, Ogden MI, New EJ, Massi M. Structure illumination microscopy imaging of lipid vesicles in live bacteria with naphthalimide-appended organometallic complexes. Analyst 2021; 146:3818-3822. [PMID: 34036982 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of molecular probes for imaging bacteria, in comparison to the array of such tools available for the imaging of mammalian cells. Here, organometallic molecular probes have been developed and assessed for bacterial imaging, designed to have the potential to support multiple imaging modalities. The chemical structure of the probes is designed around a metal-naphthalimide structure. The 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide moiety, covalently appended through a pyridine ancillary ligand, acts as a luminescent probe for super-resolution microscopy. On the other hand, the metal centre, rhenium(i) or platinum(ii) in the current study, enables techniques such as nanoSIMS. While the rhenium(i) complex was not sufficiently stable to be used as a probe, the platinum(ii) analogue showed good chemical and biological stability. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) imaging on live Bacillus cereus confirmed the suitability of the probe for super-resolution microscopy. NanoSIMS analysis was used to monitor the uptake of the platinum(ii) complex within the bacteria and demonstrate the potential of this chemical architecture to enable multimodal imaging. The successful combination of these two moieties introduces a platform that could lead to a versatile range of multi-functional probes for bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ranieri
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia.
| | - Matteo Vezzelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Kathryn G Leslie
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Song Huang
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Univsersity of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Universit8 de Nantes, 2 Rue de la HoussiniHre, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Univsersity of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alysia Hubbard
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Univsersity of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elizabeth L J Watkin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley 6102 WA, Australia
| | - Mark I Ogden
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia.
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11
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Hartnell D, Hollings A, Ranieri AM, Lamichhane HB, Becker T, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Pushie MJ, Watkin E, Bambery KR, Tobin MJ, Kelly ME, Massi M, Vongsvivut J, Hackett MJ. Mapping sub-cellular protein aggregates and lipid inclusions using synchrotron ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:3516-3525. [PMID: 33881057 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visualising direct biochemical markers of cell physiology and disease pathology at the sub-cellular level is an ongoing challenge in the biological sciences. A suite of microscopies exists to either visualise sub-cellular architecture or to indirectly view biochemical markers (e.g. histochemistry), but further technique developments and innovations are required to increase the range of biochemical parameters that can be imaged directly, in situ, within cells and tissue. Here, we report our continued advancements in the application of synchrotron radiation attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (SR-ATR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to study sub-cellular biochemistry. Our recent applications demonstrate the much needed capability to map or image directly sub-cellular protein aggregates within degenerating neurons as well as lipid inclusions within bacterial cells. We also characterise the effect of spectral acquisition parameters on speed of data collection and the associated trade-offs between a realistic experimental time frame and spectral/image quality. Specifically, the study highlights that the choice of 8 cm-1 spectral resolutions provide a suitable trade-off between spectral quality and collection time, enabling identification of important spectroscopic markers, while increasing image acquisition by ∼30% (relative to 4 cm-1 spectral resolution). Further, this study explores coupling a focal plane array detector with SR-ATR-FTIR, revealing a modest time improvement in image acquisition time (factor of 2.8). Such information continues to lay the foundation for these spectroscopic methods to be readily available for, and adopted by, the biological science community to facilitate new interdisciplinary endeavours to unravel complex biochemical questions and expand emerging areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Ashley Hollings
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Anna Maria Ranieri
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Hum Bahadur Lamichhane
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Thomas Becker
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Elizabeth Watkin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845
| | - Keith R Bambery
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
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Nasir S, Majeed MI, Nawaz H, Rashid N, Ali S, Farooq S, Kashif M, Rafiq S, Bano S, Ashraf MN, Abubakar M, Ahmad S, Rehman A, Amin I. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of RNA samples extracted from blood of hepatitis C patients for quantification of viral loads. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102152. [PMID: 33348077 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raman spectroscopy is a promising technique to analyze the body fluids for the purpose of non-invasive disease diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To develop a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of HCV from blood samples. METHODS SERS was employed to characterize the Hepatitis C viral RNA extracted from different blood samples of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients with predetermined viral loads in comparison with total RNA of healthy individuals. The SERS measurements were performed on 27 extracted RNA samples including low viral loads, medium viral loads, high viral loads and healthy/negative viral load samples. For this purpose, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were used as SERS substrates. Furthermore, multivariate data analysis technique, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) were also performed on SERS spectral data. RESULTS The SERS spectral features due to biochemical changes in the extracted RNA samples associated with the increasing viral loads were established which could be employed for HCV diagnostic purpose. PCA was found helpful for the differentiation between Raman spectral data of RNA extracted from hepatitis infected and healthy blood samples. PLSR model is established for the determination of viral loads in HCV positive RNA samples with 99 % accuracy. CONCLUSION SERS can be employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of HCV from blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Nasir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Haq Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Rafiq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Saira Bano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Abubakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shamsheer Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Asma Rehman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P. O. Box 577, Jhang Road Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- PCR Laboratory, PINUM Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Smitten KL, Scattergood PA, Kiker C, Thomas JA, Elliott PIP. Triazole-based osmium(ii) complexes displaying red/near-IR luminescence: antimicrobial activity and super-resolution imaging. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8928-8935. [PMID: 34123147 PMCID: PMC8163367 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03563g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular uptake, luminescence imaging and antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria are reported. The osmium(ii) complexes [Os(N^N)3]2+ (N^N = 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (1 2+); 1-benzyl-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (2 2+); 1-benzyl-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (3 2+)) were prepared and isolated as the chloride salts of their meridional and facial isomers. The complexes display prominent spin-forbidden ground state to triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state absorption bands enabling excitation as low as 600 nm for fac/mer-3 2+ and observation of emission in aqueous solution in the deep-red/near-IR regions of the spectrum. Cellular uptake studies within MRSA cells show antimicrobial activity for 1 2+ and 2 2+ with greater toxicity for the meridional isomers in each case and mer-1 2+ showing the greatest potency (32 μg mL-1 in defined minimal media). Super-resolution imaging experiments demonstrate binding of mer- and fac-1 2+ to bacterial DNA with high Pearson's colocalisation coefficients (up to 0.95 using DAPI). Phototoxicity studies showed the complexes exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity upon irradiation with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Smitten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Charlotte Kiker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield Queensgate Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
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Monti N, Zacchini S, Massi M, Hochkoeppler A, Giorgini L, Fiorini V, Stefan A, Stagni S. Antibacterial activity of a new class of tris homoleptic Ru (II)‐complexes with alkyl‐tetrazoles as diimine‐type ligands. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Monti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna I‐40136 Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna I‐40136 Italy
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life ScienceCurtin University Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Alejandro Hochkoeppler
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna I‐40136 Italy
- CSGI, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino FI I‐50019 Italy
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna I‐40136 Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna I‐40136 Italy
| | - Alessandra Stefan
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna I‐40136 Italy
- CSGI, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florence Sesto Fiorentino FI I‐50019 Italy
| | - Stefano Stagni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 Bologna I‐40136 Italy
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15
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Photophysical and Biological Properties of Iridium Tetrazolato Complexes Functionalised with Fatty Acid Chains. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five cyclometalated Ir(III) tetrazolato complexes functionalised with fatty acid chains (octanoic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, and oleic) have been synthesised. The fatty acids were chosen to evaluate the potential effect of the length and degree of unsaturation on the biological properties of the complexes for use as cellular imaging agents. The complexes were analysed in both organic and aqueous media to determine if the presence and nature of the fatty acid chains had a significant effect on their photophysical properties. The complexes display green–yellow emission in dichloromethane solutions with relatively long excited state decays, within the range 360–393 ns, and quantum yields between 5.4% and 6.7% (from degassed solutions). Temperature-dependent photophysical studies suggest that the emitting excited states of the complexes might be quenched by the thermal population of dark states. In water, the quantum yields drop within the range of 0.5%–2.4%, and the photophysical measurements are influenced by the variable degrees of aggregation. In general, the entire series displayed low cytotoxicity and relatively high photostability, which are favourable attributes in the design of cellular imaging agents. Images of live HeLa cells were obtained for all the complexes, but those functionalised with palmitic and stearic acids had limitations due the lower solubility conferred by the saturated aliphatic chains. The complexes were mainly detected within the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Puttock EV, Sil A, Yufit DS, Williams JAG. Mono and dinuclear iridium(iii) complexes featuring bis-tridentate coordination and Schiff-base bridging ligands: the beneficial effect of a second metal ion on luminescence. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10463-10476. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ditopic bis-N^N^O-coordinating ligands, prepared by Schiff base chemistry, lead to dinuclear iridium complexes that emit much more brightly than their mononuclear counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Sil
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham
- UK
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