1
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Dey J, Kaltenberger S, van Gemmeren M. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Nondirected Late-Stage C(sp 2)-H Deuteration of Heteroarenes Enabled Through a Multi-Substrate Screening Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404421. [PMID: 38512005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The importance of deuterium labelling in a variety of applications, ranging from mechanistic studies to drug-discovery, has spurred immense interest in the development of new methods for its efficient incorporation in organic, and especially in bioactive molecules. The five-membered heteroarenes at the center of this work are ubiquitous motifs in bioactive molecules and efficient methods for the deuterium labelling of these compounds are therefore highly desirable. However, the profound differences in chemical properties encountered between different heteroarenes hamper the development of a single set of broadly applicable reaction conditions, often necessitating a separate optimization campaign for a given type of heteroarene. In this study we describe the use of a multi-substrate screening approach to identify optimal reaction conditions for different classes of heteroarenes from a minimal number of screening reactions. Using this approach, four sets of complementary reaction conditions derived from our dual ligand-based palladium catalysts for nondirected C(sp2)-H activation were identified, that together enable the deuteration of structurally diverse heteroarenes, including bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Dey
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Kaltenberger
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Li Y, Shi H, Yin G. Synthetic techniques for thermodynamically disfavoured substituted six-membered rings. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00612-3. [PMID: 38822206 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Six-membered rings are ubiquitous structural motifs in bioactive compounds and multifunctional materials. Notably, their thermodynamically disfavoured isomers, like disubstituted cyclohexanes featuring one substituent in an equatorial position and the other in an axial position, often exhibit enhanced physical and biological activities in comparison with their opposite isomers. However, the synthesis of thermodynamically disfavoured isomers is, by its nature, challenging, with only a limited number of possible approaches. In this Review, we summarize and compare synthetic methodologies that produce substituted six-membered rings with thermodynamically disfavoured substitution patterns. We place particular emphasis on elucidating the crucial stereoinduction factors within each transformation. Our aim is to stimulate interest in the synthesis of these unique structures, while simultaneously providing synthetic chemists with a guide to approaching this synthetic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongjin Shi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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3
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Kang G, Strassfeld DA, Sheng T, Chen CY, Yu JQ. Transannular C-H functionalization of cycloalkane carboxylic acids. Nature 2023; 618:519-525. [PMID: 37258673 PMCID: PMC11135385 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic organic molecules are common among natural products and pharmaceuticals1,2. In fact, the overwhelming majority of small-molecule pharmaceuticals contain at least one ring system, as they provide control over molecular shape, often increasing oral bioavailability while providing enhanced control over the activity, specificity and physical properties of drug candidates3-5. Consequently, new methods for the direct site and diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized carbocycles are highly desirable. In principle, molecular editing by C-H activation offers an ideal route to these compounds. However, the site-selective C-H functionalization of cycloalkanes remains challenging because of the strain encountered in transannular C-H palladation. Here we report that two classes of ligands-quinuclidine-pyridones (L1, L2) and sulfonamide-pyridones (L3)-enable transannular γ-methylene C-H arylation of small- to medium-sized cycloalkane carboxylic acids, with ring sizes ranging from cyclobutane to cyclooctane. Excellent γ-regioselectivity was observed in the presence of multiple β-C-H bonds. This advance marks a major step towards achieving molecular editing of saturated carbocycles: a class of scaffolds that are important in synthetic and medicinal chemistry3-5. The utility of this protocol is demonstrated by two-step formal syntheses of a series of patented biologically active small molecules, prior syntheses of which required up to 11 steps6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Kang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Tao Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Wang H, Li H, Chen X, Zhou C, Li S, Yang YF, Li G. Asymmetric Remote meta-C–H Activation Controlled by a Chiral Ligand. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiling Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiahe Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Chunlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shangda Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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5
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Wang Y, Zhang F, Chen H, Li Y, Li J, Ye M. Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)−H Activation of Formamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209625. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin‐Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang, Henan Province 471023 China
| | - Feng‐Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jiang‐Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Mengchun Ye
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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6
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Wang YX, Zhang FP, Chen H, Li Y, Li JF, Ye M. Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Activation of Formamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xia Wang
- Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Hao Chen
- Nankai University chemistry CHINA
| | - Yue Li
- Nankai University chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Mengchun Ye
- nankai university chemistry 94 Weijin Rd, Lihua Bldg 310 300071 Tianjin CHINA
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7
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Babu SA, Aggarwal Y, Patel P, Tomar R. Diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed functionalization of prochiral C(sp 3)-H bonds of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2612-2633. [PMID: 35113087 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05649b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We highlight the reported developments of the palladium-catalyzed C-H activation and functionalization of the inactive/unreactive prochiral C(sp3)-H bonds of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. There exist numerous classical methods for generating contiguous stereogenic centers in a compound with a high degree of stereocontrol. Along similar lines, the Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided functionalization of inactive prochiral/diastereotopic C(sp3)-H bonds have been exploited to accomplish the stereoselective construction of stereo-arrays in organic compounds. We present a concise discussion on how specific strategies consisting of Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided C(sp3)-H functionalization have been utilized to generate two or more stereogenic centers in aliphatic and alicyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Arulananda Babu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Yashika Aggarwal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Pooja Patel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Radha Tomar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
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8
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Lucas EL, Lam NYS, Zhuang Z, Chan HSS, Strassfeld DA, Yu JQ. Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective β-C(sp 3)-H Activation Reactions of Aliphatic Acids: A Retrosynthetic Surrogate for Enolate Alkylation and Conjugate Addition. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:537-550. [PMID: 35076221 PMCID: PMC9129890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enolate alkylation and conjugate addition into an α,β-unsaturated system have served as long-standing strategic disconnections for the installation of α- or β-substituents on carbonyl-containing compounds. At the onset of our efforts to develop C-H activation reactions for organic synthesis, we set our eye toward developing asymmetric β-C-H activation reactions of aliphatic acids with the perspective that this bond-forming event could serve as a more flexible retrosynthetic surrogate for both canonical carbonyl-related asymmetric transformations.In this Account, we describe our early efforts using strongly coordinating chiral oxazolines to probe reaction mechanism and the stereochemical nature of the C-H cleavage transition state. The characterization of key reactive intermediates through X-ray crystallography and computational studies suggested a transition state with C-H and Pd-OAc bonds being approximately coplanar for optimum interaction. We then moved forward to develop more practical, weakly coordinating monodentate amide directing groups, a necessary advance toward achieving the β-C-H activation of weakly coordinating native carboxylic acids. Throughout this journey, gradual deconvolution between a substrate's directing effect and its intimate interplay with ligand properties has culminated in the design of new ligand classes that ultimately allowed the competency of native carboxylic acids in β-C-H activation. These efforts established the importance of ligand acceleration in Pd-catalyzed C-H activation, where the substrate's weak coordination is responsible for positioning the catalyst for C-H cleavage, while the direct participation from the bifunctional ligand is responsible for enthalpically stabilizing the C-H cleavage transition state.Building upon these principles, we developed five classes of chiral ligands (MPAA, MPAQ, MPAO, MPAThio, MPAAM) to enable enantioselective β-C-H activation reactions, including carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation. The accumulated data from our developed enantioselective C-H activation reactions indicate that ligands possessing point chirality are most effective for imparting stereoinduction in the C-H activation step, the application of which enabled the desymmetrization and subsequent C-H functionalization of enantiotopic carbon and protons across a range of weakly coordinating arylamides and, more recently, free carboxylic acids. Progress in ligand design, in conjunction with the enabling nature of alkali metal countercations, led to the realization of a suite of β-methyl and now methylene C(sp3)-H activation reactions. These advancements also enabled the use of economical oxidants, such as peroxides and molecular oxygen, to facilitate catalyst turnover. In the future, continued progress in designing more efficient bifunctional chiral ligands is likely to provide a myriad of enantioselective β-C-H activation reactions of readily available native substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nelson Y S Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hau Sun Sam Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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9
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10
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Yu X, Zhang ZZ, Niu JL, Shi BF. Coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetric C–H functionalization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01884a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetric C–H functionalization are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Zhuo-Zhuo Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610106, China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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11
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Liu B, Romine AM, Rubel CZ, Engle KM, Shi BF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed, Coordination-Assisted Functionalization of Nonactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14957-15074. [PMID: 34714620 PMCID: PMC8968411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed, coordination-assisted C(sp3)-H functionalization has revolutionized synthetic planning over the past few decades as the use of these directing groups has allowed for increased access to many strategic positions in organic molecules. Nonetheless, several challenges remain preeminent, such as the requirement for high temperatures, the difficulty in removing or converting directing groups, and, although many metals provide some reactivity, the difficulty in employing metals outside of palladium. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed, direct functionalization of nonactivated C(sp3)-H bonds by covering the literature since 2004 in order to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art methods as well as the current limitations. For clarity, this review has been divided into nine sections by the transition metal catalyst with subdivisions by the type of bond formation. Synthetic applications and reaction mechanism are discussed where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Andrew M. Romine
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
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12
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Mannchen MD, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Grenning AJ. 1,2,4-Trifunctionalized Cyclohexane Synthesis via a Diastereoselective Reductive Cope Rearrangement and Functional Group Interconversion Strategy. Org Lett 2021; 23:8804-8809. [PMID: 34719933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyfunctionalized cyclohexanes are privileged scaffolds in drug discovery. Reported herein is a method for synthesizing 1,2,4-trifunctionalized cyclohexanes via diastereoselective reductive Cope rearrangement. The scaffolds obtained can be derivatized by orthogonal functional group interconversion to cyclohexanes bearing a 1-amide, 2-branched arylallyl, and variable 4-functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Mannchen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Alexander J Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
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13
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Martin T, Galeotti M, Salamone M, Liu F, Yu Y, Duan M, Houk KN, Bietti M. Deciphering Reactivity and Selectivity Patterns in Aliphatic C-H Bond Oxygenation of Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9925-9937. [PMID: 34115516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic, product, and computational study on the reactions of the cumyloxyl radical with monosubstituted cyclopentanes and cyclohexanes has been carried out. HAT rates, site-selectivities for C-H bond oxidation, and DFT computations provide quantitative information and theoretical models to explain the observed patterns. Cyclopentanes functionalize predominantly at C-1, and tertiary C-H bond activation barriers decrease on going from methyl- and tert-butylcyclopentane to phenylcyclopentane, in line with the computed C-H BDEs. With cyclohexanes, the relative importance of HAT from C-1 decreases on going from methyl- and phenylcyclohexane to ethyl-, isopropyl-, and tert-butylcyclohexane. Deactivation is also observed at C-2 with site-selectivity that progressively shifts to C-3 and C-4 with increasing substituent steric bulk. The site-selectivities observed in the corresponding oxidations promoted by ethyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane support this mechanistic picture. Comparison of these results with those obtained previously for C-H bond azidation and functionalizations promoted by the PINO radical of phenyl and tert-butylcyclohexane, together with new calculations, provides a mechanistic framework for understanding C-H bond functionalization of cycloalkanes. The nature of the HAT reagent, C-H bond strengths, and torsional effects are important determinants of site-selectivity, with the latter effects that play a major role in the reactions of oxygen-centered HAT reagents with monosubstituted cyclohexanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teo Martin
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yanmin Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Meng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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14
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Zhang Q, Shi BF. 2-(Pyridin-2-yl)isopropyl (PIP) Amine: An Enabling Directing Group for Divergent and Asymmetric Functionalization of Unactivated Methylene C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2750-2763. [PMID: 34019373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Directing group (DG) assistance provides a good solution to the problems of reactivity and selectivity, two of the fundamental challenges in C(sp3)-H activation. However, the activation of unbiased methylene C(sp3)-H bonds remains challenging due to the high heterolytic bond dissociation energy and substantial steric hindrance. Two main strategies have been developed thus far, that is, use of a strongly coordinating bidentate DG pioneered by Daugulis and use of a weakly coordinating monodentate DG accelerated by pyridine-type ligands, as disclosed by Yu. The seminal work by Daugulis sparked significant interest in the application of the monoanionic bidentate auxiliary in aliphatic C-H activation reactions. Our research has focused on enabling the divergent functionalization and enantiotopic differentiation of unactivated methylene C-H bonds. Inspired by the structure of bidentate 8-aminoquinoline and the accelerating effect of the gem-dimethyl moiety in cyclometalations, we developed a strongly coordinating bidentate 2-(pyridine-yl)isopropyl (PIP) amine DG consisting of a pyridyl group, a gem-dimethyl moiety, and an amino group, which enabled the divergent functionalization of unactivated β-methylene C(sp3)-H bonds to forge C-O, C-N, C-C, and C-F bonds with palladium catalysts. The exclusive β-selectivity was ascribed to the preferential formation of kinetically favored [5,5]-bicyclic palladacycle intermediates. DFT calculations revealed that the well-designed gem-dimethyl group was responsible for the lowered energy and compressed bite angle of the key transition state related to C-H cleavage.More recently, the combination of PIP amine with axially chiral ligands was found to promote asymmetric functionalization of unbiased methylene C(sp3)-H bonds, a challenging research topic in the area of C-H activation that remains to be addressed. Two different types of axially chiral ligands, namely, non-C2-symmetric chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) and 3,3'-disubstituted BINOLs, have been developed. The former enabled Pd(II)-catalyzed inter- and intramolecular arylation of unbiased methylene C(sp3)-H bonds with high enantioselectivity, whereas the latter promoted a series of asymmetric functionalization reactions, such as alkynylation, arylation, alkenylation/aza-Wacker cyclization, and intramolecular amidation. The unexpectedly high stereocontrol compared with other bidentate DGs might be attributable to steric communication between the ligand and gem-dimethyl moiety of PIP amine. Thus far, the combination of PIP amine DG with 3,3'-disubstituted BINOL ligands is arguably the most general strategy for asymmetric functionalization of unbiased methylene C(sp3)-H bonds. Finally, the ease of installation and removal of PIP under mild conditions and synthetic applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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15
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Han Y, Yang X, Kong K, Deng Y, Wu L, Ding Y, Shi B. Synthesis of Acyclic Aliphatic Amides with Contiguous Stereogenic Centers via Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantio‐, Chemo‐ and Diastereoselective Methylene C(sp
3
)−H arylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye‐Qiang Han
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences Wuyi University Jiangmen 529020 China
| | - Ke‐Xin Kong
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yao‐Ting Deng
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Le‐Song Wu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bing‐Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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16
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Han Y, Yang X, Kong K, Deng Y, Wu L, Ding Y, Shi B. Synthesis of Acyclic Aliphatic Amides with Contiguous Stereogenic Centers via Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantio‐, Chemo‐ and Diastereoselective Methylene C(sp
3
)−H arylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20455-20458. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye‐Qiang Han
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences Wuyi University Jiangmen 529020 China
| | - Ke‐Xin Kong
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yao‐Ting Deng
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Le‐Song Wu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bing‐Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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17
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Merten C. Recent Advances in the Application of Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Asymmetric Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Merten
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie II Ruhr Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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