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Yadav I, Dhiman D, Sankar M. Recent advances in the functionalization of formyl and acroleyl appended corroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39345021 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The field of corrole systems, particularly those with functional groups at their peripheral positions, has experienced a surge of interest in recent years, driven by their exceptional optical and electronic properties, which hold significant promise for a range of applications. This timely review article mainly focuses on synthetic strategies of reaction of meso-triarylcorroles having formyl or acroleyl groups at peripheral positions, with specific emphasis on the influence of core-metal insertion, the quantity of reagent and meso-substituents. Corroles bearing formyl and acroleyl substituents have been exploited as synthons for preparing novel compounds with a magnificent bouquet of characteristics. Furthermore, the reactivity of these corroles derivatives with active methylene compounds and substituted pyrroles is highlighted. The detailed exploration of these functionalizations is helping to advance new developments in the field. Additionally, the review addresses the potential applications of corroles in chemosensing, catalysis, photovoltaics, and nonlinear optics. It also examines the systematic advancements in the optical properties of corroles, providing a thorough overview of their photophysical and redox characteristics. This will help researchers working in this area and promote exceptional future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - Divyansh Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Hamza JR, Sharma JK, Karr PA, van der Est A, D’Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Spin-Orbit Coupled Intersystem Crossing in Hypervalent Phosphorus(V) and Antimony(V) Porphyrin Black Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25403-25408. [PMID: 39248434 PMCID: PMC11421002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrin dyes with strong push-pull type intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character and broad absorption across the visible spectrum are reported. This combination of properties has been achieved by functionalizing the periphery of hypervalent and highly electron-deficient phosphorus(V) and antimony(V) centered porphyrins with electron-rich triphenylamine (TPA) groups. As a result of the large difference in electronegativity between the porphyrin ring and the peripheral groups, their absorption profiles show several strong charge transfer transitions, which in addition to the porphyrin-centered π → π* transitions, make them panchromatic black dyes with high absorption coefficients between 200 and 800 nm. Time-resolved optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies show that the lowest triplet state also has ICT character and is populated by spin-orbit coupled intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jam Riyan Hamza
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Jatan K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United
States
| | - Paul A. Karr
- Department
of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne
State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United
States
| | - Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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3
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Chuncha V, Achary Balahoju S, Dutta S, Giribabu L, Chitta R. Investigating the role of corrole as an excitation energy relay in light-induced processes in closely connected N,N'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)aniline functionalized corrole donor-acceptor dyad. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:1041-1054. [PMID: 38549042 DOI: 10.1111/php.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A photosynthetic antenna-reaction center model, BBA-PFCor comprised of N,N'-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)aniline (BBA) covalently functionalized to bis(pentafluoro)corrole moiety has been prepared and the contribution of the BBA as the photoinduced energy transfer antenna was investigated. UV-visible studies have shown that integrating the electron-rich BBA chromophore into the corrole core has broadened the soret band of the corrole moiety with the absorption spanning from 300 to 700 nm. Electrochemical studies, in corroboration with the computational calculations, revealed that, BBA moiety can act as an electron reservoir and, in the excited state, it would transfer the excited energy to the corrole moiety in the dyad. Steady-state fluorescence studies have demonstrated that, upon photoexcitation of the BBA moiety of BBA-PFCor at 310 nm in solvents of varied polarity, the BBA emission centered at 400 nm was observed to be quenched, with the concomitant appearance of the corrole emission from 500 to 700 nm, indicating the happening of photoinduced energy transfer (PEnT) from 1BBA* to corrole moiety. Parallel control experiments involving the excitation of the corrole moiety at 410 nm did not result in the diminishing of the corrole emission, suggesting that the quenching of the BBA emission in BBA-PFCor is majorly due to intramolecular PEnT from 1BBA* to corrole moiety leading to the formation of singlet excited corrole, that is, 1BBA*-PFCor ➔ BBA-1PFCor*. The free energy changes of PEnT, ΔGEnT, were found to be thermodynamically feasible in all the solvents used for the study. Parallel time-resolved fluorescence studies were congruent with the steady-state fluorescence results and provided further evidence for the occurrence of ultrafast PEnT from 1BBA*➔corrole in the dyad with the rates of energy transfer (kEnT) of ~108 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar Chuncha
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Shivaprasad Achary Balahoju
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Snigdha Dutta
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Raghu Chitta
- Artificial Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
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Holzer N, Sharma JK, D’Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Tuning Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Antimony(V) Porphyrin through Axial Fluorination. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22892-22902. [PMID: 38826543 PMCID: PMC11137685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Modulation of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) has been tested in two antimony(V) porphyrins, SbT(DMP)P(OMe)2·PF6 and SbT(DMP)P(OTFE)2·PF6, where the meso-positions are occupied by 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl (DMP), and the axial positions are linked with either methoxy (OMe) or trifluoroethoxy (OTFE) units, respectively. The presence of the Sb(+5) ion makes the porphyrin center electron poor. Under this situation, placing electron-rich units in the meso-position creates a condition for push-pull type ICT in the SbT(DMP)P(OMe)2·PF6. Remarkably, it is shown that the ICT character can be further enhanced in SbT(DMP)P(OTFE)2·PF6 with the help of electron-withdrawing TFE units in the axial position, which makes the porphyrin center even more electron scarce. The steady-state and transient studies as well as solvatochromism studies establish the ICT in SbT(DMP)P(OMe)2·PF6 and SbT(DMP)P(OTFE)2·PF6, and the strength of the ICT can be modulated by exploiting the structural properties of antimony(V) porphyrin. The existence of ICT is further supported by density functional theory calculations. The transient studies show that upon excitation of these porphyrin, their charge-transfer states convert to a full charger-separated states with appreciable lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Holzer
- Advanced
Materials Center, University of Minnesota
Duluth, 1405 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Jatan K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Advanced
Materials Center, University of Minnesota
Duluth, 1405 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
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Yadav I, Sankar M. Panchromatic and Perturbed Absorption Spectral Features and Multiredox Properties of Dicyanovinyl- and Dicyanobutadienyl-Appended Cobalt Corroles. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 38010211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Four new β-functionalized π-extended cobalt corroles with one and two dicyanovinyl (DCV) or dicyanobutadienyl (DCBD) moieties at the 3- and 3,17-positions have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. Interestingly, the synthesized DCV- and DCBD-appended cobalt corroles displayed panchromatic and near-infrared absorption in the range 300-1100 nm in CH2Cl2 and pyridine solvents. (MN)2-(Cor)Co and A2MN2-(Cor)Co exhibited 8-9 times enhancement in the molar absorptivity of the Q band compared to the parent corrole ((Cor)Co). The unique absorption spectral features of these β-functionalized cobalt corroles are splitting, broadening, and red-shifting in the Soret and Q bands. One DCV unit brings a 30-46 nm red shift, whereas one DCBD unit brings a 40-75 nm red shift in the Q band compared to the corresponding precursors. This is rare that the intensity of the longest Q band is greater than or equal to the Soret-like bands. These corrole derivatives exhibit UV-vis spectral features similar to those of chlorophyll a. A 220 mV positive shift per DCV group and 160 mV positive shift per DCBD group were observed in the first oxidation potentials compared to (Cor)Co in the desired direction for the utility of these cobalt complexes in electrocatalysis. DFT studies revealed that HOMO and LUMO were stabilized after appending DCV and DCBD groups on the corrole macrocycle and exhibited a "push-pull" behavior leading to promising material applications in nonlinear optics (NLO) and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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6
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Poddutoori PK. Advances and opportunities in Group 15 porphyrin chemistry. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14287-14296. [PMID: 37791453 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of Group 15 porphyrins has been established relatively well among the main-group porphyrins. Thus far phosphorus(III), phosphorus(V), arsenic(III), arsenic(V), antimony(III), antimony(V), and bismuth(III) porphyrins have been reported. Their unique axial-bonding ability, rich redox, and optical properties offer an advantage over other main-group or transition metal porphyrins. They could be excellent candidates for a variety of applications such as solar energy harvesting, molecular electronics, molecular catalysis, and biomedical applications. Despite these unique properties, the Group 15 porphyrins are not exploited at their fullest capacity. Recently, there has been some interest, where the richness of Group 15 porphyrin chemistry was explored for some of the above applications. In this context, this article summarizes recent advances in Group 15 porphyrin chemistry and attempts to unravel the tremendous opportunities of these remarkable porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Sekaran B, Guragain M, Misra R, D'Souza F. β-Pyrrole Functionalized Push or Pull Porphyrins: Excited Charge Transfer Promoted Singlet Oxygen Generation. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7964-7975. [PMID: 37707534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) producing photosensitizers are highly sought for developing new photodynamic therapy agents and facilitating 1O2-involved chemical reactions. Often singlet oxygen is produced by the reaction of triplet-excited photosensitizers with dioxygen via an energy transfer mechanism. In the present study, we demonstrate a charge transfer mechanism to produce singlet oxygen involving push or pull functionalized porphyrins. For this, 20 β-pyrrole functionalized porphyrins carrying either an electron-rich push or electron-deficient pull group have been newly synthesized. Photoexcitation of these push-pull porphyrins has been shown to produce high-energy MPδ+-Aδ- or MPδ--Dδ+ charge transfer states. Subsequent charge recombination results in populating the triplet excited states of extended lifetimes in the case of the push group containing porphyrins that eventually react with dioxygen to produce the reactive singlet oxygen of relatively higher quantum yields. The effect of the push and pull groups on the porphyrin periphery in governing initial charge transfer, the population of triplet excited states and their lifetimes, and resulting in improved singlet oxygen quantum yields are systematically probed. The improved performance of 1O2 generation by porphyrins carrying push groups is borne out from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Manan Guragain
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
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Cao G, Baryshnikov G, Chen C, Chen L, Zhao T, Fu S, Jiang Z, Liu X, Li Q, Xie Y, Li C. Porphyrindiene-Based Tandem Diels-Alder Reaction for Preparing Low-Symmetry π-Extended Porphyrins with Push-Pull Skeletons. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9001-9010. [PMID: 35748309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tandem Diels-Alder reactions of masked porphyrindienes (i.e., sulfolenoporphyrins) with benzoquinones and stilbenes, followed by aromatization, have been developed to load porphyrin with mixed annulation units (i.e., terphenyl and naphthoquinone), furnishing the low-symmetry π-extended porphyrins (DxAy) with push-pull skeletons. All low-symmetrical chromophores display panchromatic absorption spectra, which look like a spectral combination of symmetrical congeners (D4/A4) in a certain ratio. Among them, tD2A2 with trans-arrangement of push/pull units possesses the largest maximum centered at 766 nm with the onset around 900 nm. The fusion of the electron-deficient naphthoquinone moiety on the porphyrin core results in the approximately quantitative regulation of the Eox1 and HOMOs (i.e., 0.10-0.13 V increase for the Eox1 and 0.14-0.16 eV decrease for the HOMOs per naphthoquinone unit). In brief, this work provides a new way to construct low-symmetry π-extended porphyrins with tunable properties resorting to the ratios and locations of the annulated push-pull units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Glib Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuyi Fu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qizhao Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chengjie Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Bulbul AS, Chaudhri N, Shanu M, Acharyya JN, Vijaya Prakash G, Sankar M. Unsymmetrically β-Functionalized π-Extended Porphyrins: Synthesis, Spectral, Electrochemical Redox Properties, and Their Utilization as Efficient Two-Photon Absorbers. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9968-9982. [PMID: 35729686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new series of unsymmetrically β-functionalized porphyrins, MTPP(NO2)MA (1M), (MA = methyl acrylate) and MTPP(NO2)MB (2M) (MB = mono-benzo) (where M = 2H, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)), were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The saddle shape conformation of ZnTPP(NO2)MAPy and ZnTPP(NO2)MB was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that NiTPP(NO2)MB has a severe nonplanar geometry possessing a high magnitude of ΔCβ = ±0.727 Å and Δ24 = ±0.422 Å values among all other porphyrins. Synthesized β-substituted porphyrins exhibited red-shifted B- and Q-bands corresponding to their parent molecule due to the electron-withdrawing peripheral substituents. Notable redshift (Δλmax = 50-60 nm) in electronic spectral features and with weak-intensity emission spectral features were observed for the free-base porphyrins and Zn(II) complexes compared to H2TPP and ZnTPP, respectively. The first-ring reduction potential of MTPP(NO2)MA (1M) exhibited 0.21-0.5 V anodic shift, whereas 0.18-0.23 V anodic shift was observed in the first-ring oxidation potential compared to the corresponding MTPPs due to the presence of electron-withdrawing β-substituents at the periphery of the macrocycle. Interestingly, NiTPP(NO2)MA (1Ni) has shown an additional NiII/NiIII oxidation potential observed at 2.05 V along with two ring-centered oxidations. The first-ring reduction and oxidation potentials of MTPP(NO2)MB (2M) have shown 0.39-0.46 and 0.19-0.27 V anodic shifts with respect to their corresponding MTPPs. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of all of the porphyrins were investigated, and the extracted nonlinear optical parameters revealed intense reverse-saturable absorption (RSA) behavior and the self-focusing behavior with positive nonlinear refractive index in the range of (0.19-1.75) × 10-17 m2/W. Zn(II) complexes exhibited the highest two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and cross section (σTPA) of ∼95 × 10-12 m/W and 19.66 × 104 GM, respectively, among all of the metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sohel Bulbul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mohd Shanu
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jitendra Nath Acharyya
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - G Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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β-Pyrrole functionalized porphyrins: Synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in sensing and DSSC. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Holzer N, Sharma JK, Peterson S, Bayard BJ, Nesterov VN, Karr PA, D'Souza F, Poddutoori PK. Antimony(+5) ion induced tunable intramolecular charge transfer in hypervalent antimony( v) porphyrins. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5890-5903. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00675h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimony(+5) insertion induces both electron-rich and electron-poor parts within the porphyrin structure resulting in a push–pull style intramolecular charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Holzer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - Jatan K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
| | - Steven Peterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - Brandon J. Bayard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
| | - Paul A. Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, USA
| | - Prashanth K. Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA
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Sekaran B, Dawson A, Jang Y, MohanSingh KV, Misra R, D'Souza F. Charge-Transfer in Panchromatic Porphyrin-Tetracyanobuta-1,3-Diene-Donor Conjugates: Switching the Role of Porphyrin in the Charge Separation Process. Chemistry 2021; 27:14335-14344. [PMID: 34375474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction, free-base and zinc porphyrins (H2 P and ZnP) are decorated at their β-pyrrole positions with strong charge transfer complexes, viz., tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene (TCBD)-phenothiazine (3 and 4) or TCBD-aniline (7 and 8), novel class of push-pull systems. The physico-chemical properties of these compounds (MP-Donor and MP-TCBD-Donor) have been investigated using a range of electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, DFT as well as steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Ground-state charge transfer interactions between the porphyrin and the electron-withdrawing TCBD directly attached to the porphyrin π-system extended the absorption features well into the near-infrared region. To visualize the photo-events, energy level diagrams with the help of free-energy calculations have been established. Switching the role of porphyrin from the initial electron acceptor to electron donor was possible to envision. Occurrence of photoinduced charge separation has been established by complementary transient absorption spectral studies followed by global and target data analyses. Better charge stabilization in H2 P derived over ZnP derived conjugates, and in phenothiazine derived over aniline derived conjugates has been possible to establish. These findings highlight the importance of the nature of porphyrins and second electron donor in governing the ground and excited state charge transfer events in closely positioned donor-acceptor conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Andrew Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Kusum V MohanSingh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zardi P, Maggini M, Carofiglio T. Achieving selectivity in porphyrin bromination through a DoE-driven optimization under continuous flow conditions. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe post-functionalization of porphyrins through the bromination in β position of the pyrrolic rings is a relevant transformation because the resulting bromoderivatives are useful synthons to covalently link a variety of chemical architectures to a porphyrin ring. However, single bromination of porphyrins is a challenging reaction for the abundancy of reactive β-pyrrolic positions in the aromatic macrocycle. We herein report a synthetic procedure for the efficient preparation of 2-bromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (1) under continuous flow conditions. The use of flow technology allows to reach an accurate control over critical reaction parameters such as temperature and reaction time. Furthermore, by performing the optimization process through a statistical DoE (Design of Experiment) approach, these parameters could be properly adjusted with a limited number of experiments. This process led us to a better understanding of the relevant factors that govern porphyrins monobromination and to obtain compound 1 with an unprecedent 80% yield.
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16
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Kumar S, Maurya YK, Kang S, Chmielewski P, Lis T, Cybińska J, Kim D, Stępień M. Porphyrin-Ryleneimide Hybrids: Tuning of Visible and Near-Infrared Absorption by Chromophore Desymmetrization. Org Lett 2020; 22:7202-7207. [PMID: 32857521 PMCID: PMC7506948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Unsymmetrically fused
porphyrins containing one or two naphthalimide
subunits were prepared in modular syntheses relying on electron-rich
and electron-poor pyrrole building blocks. These new chromophores
show progressive changes in their electron-deficient character, while
retaining comparably small optical and electrochemical band gaps.
The intrinsic curvature and extended optical absorption of these systems
make them of interest as mono- and difunctional components of multichromophoric
assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yogesh Kumar Maurya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Piotr Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.,PORT - Polski Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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17
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Subedi DR, Gobeze HB, Kandrashkin YE, Poddutoori PK, van der Est A, D'Souza F. Exclusive triplet electron transfer leading to long-lived radical ion-pair formation in an electron rich platinum porphyrin covalently linked to fullerene dyad. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6058-6061. [PMID: 32347866 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a high-energy, long-lived radical ion-pair by electron transfer exclusively from the triplet excited state, is demonstrated in a newly synthesized platinum porphyrin-fullerene dyad, in which the porphyrin ring is modified with three electron rich triphenylamine entities. The spin selectivity of the electron transfer leading to the formation of the radical ion-pair is demonstrated using time-resolved optical and EPR spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dili R Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA.
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