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Xie ZL, Gupta N, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Lynch VM, Glusac KD, Mulfort KL. Photochemical charge accumulation in a heteroleptic copper(i)-anthraquinone molecular dyad via proton-coupled electron transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10219-10235. [PMID: 37772110 PMCID: PMC10529959 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03428c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing efficient photocatalysts that perform multi electron redox reactions is critical to achieving solar energy conversion. One can reach this goal by developing systems which mimic natural photosynthesis and exploit strategies such as proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to achieve photochemical charge accumulation. We report herein a heteroleptic Cu(i)bis(phenanthroline) complex, Cu-AnQ, featuring a fused phenazine-anthraquinone moiety that photochemically accumulates two electrons in the anthraquinone unit via PCET. Full spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses allowed us to identify the reduced species and revealed that up to three electrons can be accumulated in the phenazine-anthraquinone ring system under electrochemical conditions. Continuous photolysis of Cu-AnQ in the presence of sacrificial electron donor produced doubly reduced monoprotonated photoproduct confirmed unambiguously by X-ray crystallography. Formation of this photoproduct indicates that a PCET process occurred during illumination and two electrons were accumulated in the system. The role of the heteroleptic Cu(i)bis(phenanthroline) moiety participating in the photochemical charge accumulation as a light absorber was evidenced by comparing the photolysis of Cu-AnQ and the free AnQ ligand with less reductive triethylamine as a sacrificial electron donor, in which photogenerated doubly reduced species was observed with Cu-AnQ, but not with the free ligand. The thermodynamic properties of Cu-AnQ were examined by DFT which mapped the probable reaction pathway for photochemical charge accumulation and the capacity for solar energy stored in the process. This study presents a unique system built on earth-abundant transition metal complex to store electrons, and tune the storage of solar energy by the degree of protonation of the electron acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Lin Xie
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
| | - Nikita Gupta
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago USA
| | - Jens Niklas
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
| | | | - Ksenija D Glusac
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory USA
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Müller C, Schwab A, Randell NM, Kupfer S, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Chavarot-Kerlidou M. A Combined Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study on a Ruthenium Complex Featuring a π-Extended dppz Ligand for Light-Driven Accumulation of Multiple Reducing Equivalents. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103882. [PMID: 35261087 PMCID: PMC9311760 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The design of photoactive systems capable of storing and relaying multiple electrons is highly demanded in the field of artificial photosynthesis, where transformations of interest rely on multielectronic redox processes. The photophysical properties of the ruthenium photosensitizer [(bpy)2 Ru(oxim-dppqp)]2+ (Ru), storing two electrons coupled to two protons on the π-extended oxim-dppqp ligand under light-driven conditions, are investigated by means of excitation wavelength-dependent resonance Raman and transient absorption spectroscopies, in combination with time-dependent density functional theory; the results are discussed in comparison to the parent [(bpy)2 Ru(dppz)]2+ and [(bpy)2 Ru(oxo-dppqp)]2+ complexes. In addition, this study provides in-depth insights on the impact of protonation or of accumulation of multiple reducing equivalents on the reactive excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwab
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Randell
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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3
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Kupfer S, Wächtler M, Guthmuller J. Light‐Driven Multi‐Charge Separation in a Push‐Pull Ruthenium‐based Photosensitizer – Assessed by RASSCF and TDDFT Simulations. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kupfer
- Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena Chemisch Geowissenschaftliche Fakultat Institute of Physical Chemistry Helmholtzweg 1 07743 Jena GERMANY
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology: Leibniz-Institut fur Photonische Technologien Functional Interfaces GERMANY
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Gdansk University of Technology: Politechnika Gdanska Institute of Physics and Computer Science POLAND
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Kaufmann M, Müller C, Cullen AA, Brandon MP, Dietzek B, Pryce MT. Photophysics of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Thiazole π-Extended Dipyridophenazine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 60:760-773. [PMID: 33356204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-based donor-acceptor systems can produce long-lived excited charge-transfer states by visible-light irradiation. The novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl type complexes Ru1 and Ru2 based on the dipyridophenazine ligand (L0) directly linked to 4-hydroxythiazoles of different donor strengths were synthesized and photophysically characterized. The excited-state dynamics were investigated by femtosecond-to-nanosecond transient absorption and nanosecond emission spectroscopy complemented by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. These results indicate that photoexcitation in the visible region leads to the population of both metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (1MLCT) and thiazole (tz)-induced intraligand charge-transfer (1ILCT) states. Thus, the excited-state dynamics is described by two excited-state branches, namely, the population of (i) a comparably short-lived phenazine-centered 3MLCT state (τ ≈ 150-400 ps) and (ii) a long-lived 3ILCT state (τ ≈ 40-300 ns) with excess charge density localized on the phenazine and tz moieties. Notably, the ruthenium(II) complexes feature long-lived dual emission with lifetimes in the ranges τEm,1 ≈ 40-300 ns and τEm,2 ≈ 100-200 ns, which are attributed to emission from the 3ILCT and 3MLCT manifolds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaufmann
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Aoibhin A Cullen
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael P Brandon
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany.,Research Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, Jena 07745, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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5
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Schulz M, Hagmeyer N, Wehmeyer F, Lowe G, Rosenkranz M, Seidler B, Popov A, Streb C, Vos JG, Dietzek B. Photoinduced Charge Accumulation and Prolonged Multielectron Storage for the Separation of Light and Dark Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15722-15728. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Hagmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frerk Wehmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Grace Lowe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexey Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Vos
- SRC for Solar Energy Conversion, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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