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Bujalance-Fernández J, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. The rise of metal-organic framework based micromotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10464-10475. [PMID: 37580970 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Micromotors (MMs) are micro and nanoscale devices capable of converting energy into autonomous motion. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline materials that display exceptional properties such as high porosity, internal surface areas, and high biocompatibility. As such, MOFs have been used as active materials or building blocks for MMs. In this highlight, we describe the evolution of MOF-based MMs, focusing on the last 3 years. First, we covered the main propulsion mechanisms and designs, from catalytic to fuel-free MOF-based MMs. Secondly, we discuss recent applications of new fuel-free MOFs MM to give a critical overview of the current challenges of this blooming research field. The advantages and challenges discussed provide a useful guide for the design of the next generation MOF MMs toward real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bujalance-Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, E-28871, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, E-28871, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, E-28871, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, E-28871, Spain.
- Chemical Research Institute "Andres M. del Rio", University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, E-28871, Spain
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Wang L, Chen L, Zheng X, Yu Z, Lv W, Sheng M, Wang L, Nie P, Li H, Guan D, Cui H. Multimodal Bubble Microrobot Near an Air-Water Interface. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203872. [PMID: 36045100 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional and robust swimming microrobots working at the free air-liquid interface has encountered challenge as new manipulation strategies are needed to overcome the complicated interfacial restrictions. Here, flexible but reliable mechanisms are shown that achieve a remote-control bubble microrobot with multiple working modes and high maneuverability by the assistance of a soft air-liquid interface. This bubble microrobot is developed from a hollow Janus microsphere (JM) regulated by a magnetic field, which can implement switchable working modes like pusher, gripper, anchor, and sweeper. The collapse of the microbubble and the accompanying directional jet flow play a key role for functioning in these working modes, which is analogous to a "bubble tentacle." Using a simple gamepad, the orientation and the navigation of the bubble microrobot can be easily manipulated. In particular, a speed modulation method is found for the bubble microrobot, which uses vertical magnetic field to control the orientation of the JM and the direction of the bubble-induced jet flow without changing the fuel concentration. The findings demonstrate a substantial advance of the bubble microrobot specifically working at the air-liquid interface and depict some nonintuitive mechanisms that can help develop more complicated microswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zexiong Yu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Wenchao Lv
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Minjia Sheng
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Lina Wang
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Pengcheng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongshi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haihang Cui
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Zhang K, Ren Y, Jiang T, Jiang H. Flexible fabrication of lipophilic-hydrophilic micromotors by off-chip photopolymerization of three-phase immiscible flow induced Janus droplet templates. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338955. [PMID: 34602209 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Self-propelled microparticles are promising for lots of applications ranging from analytical detection to water treatment. Herein, we present an effective approach to fabricate lipophilic-hydrophilic micromotors via the photocuring of three-phase immiscible flow induced droplet templates. In the microfluidic system, two immiscible inner fluids, the lipophilic 1, 6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), and the hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), are simultaneously injected into a theta-shaped cylindrical capillary from two separate inlets, and they are emulsified into Janus drops when encountering the outer immiscible silicone oil. Because of the immiscible feature of droplet templates, off-chip photopolymerization strategy has been used, which can significantly decrease the blocking chance of microdevice. And also, the lipophilic-hydrophilic structure of droplets is convenient for the loading of cargos with different characteristics. More importantly, the size and configuration of droplet templates can be flexibly regulated by changing the flow rates of three different phases. Accordingly, multifunctional micromotors can be fabricated by adding different nanoparticles and materials into the HDDA or PEGDA phase first and then photocuring the droplets. Taking the bubble-propelled micromotors for example, we prepare microswimmers by loading Ag, TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the PEGDA phase. The swimming behaviors of micromotors in H2O2 solution are systematically investigated, finding that the proportion of PEGDA phase and the concentration of H2O2 both positively affect the moving speed. Furthermore, the applicability of motor particles on water treatment is successfully demonstrated by using neutral red solution as the model pollutant. And the micromotors can be recycled using magnets after the catalytic degradation process. Therefore, this micromotor generation technique and this kind of micromotor can be attractive for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China.
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, PR China.
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Naeem S, Naeem F, Mujtaba J, Shukla AK, Mitra S, Huang G, Gulina L, Rudakovskaya P, Cui J, Tolstoy V, Gorin D, Mei Y, Solovev AA, Dey KK. Oxygen Generation Using Catalytic Nano/Micromotors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1251. [PMID: 34683302 PMCID: PMC8541545 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous oxygen plays a vital role in driving the metabolism of living organisms and has multiple agricultural, medical, and technological applications. Different methods have been discovered to produce oxygen, including plants, oxygen concentrators and catalytic reactions. However, many such approaches are relatively expensive, involve challenges, complexities in post-production processes or generate undesired reaction products. Catalytic oxygen generation using hydrogen peroxide is one of the simplest and cleanest methods to produce oxygen in the required quantities. Chemically powered micro/nanomotors, capable of self-propulsion in liquid media, offer convenient and economic platforms for on-the-fly generation of gaseous oxygen on demand. Micromotors have opened up opportunities for controlled oxygen generation and transport under complex conditions, critical medical diagnostics and therapy. Mobile oxygen micro-carriers help better understand the energy transduction efficiencies of micro/nanoscopic active matter by careful selection of catalytic materials, fuel compositions and concentrations, catalyst surface curvatures and catalytic particle size, which opens avenues for controllable oxygen release on the level of a single catalytic microreactor. This review discusses various micro/nanomotor systems capable of functioning as mobile oxygen generators while highlighting their features, efficiencies and application potentials in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayyah Naeem
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Farah Naeem
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jawayria Mujtaba
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Ashish Kumar Shukla
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, Gujarat, India; (A.K.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Shirsendu Mitra
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, Gujarat, India; (A.K.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Larisa Gulina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospect, Petergof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Polina Rudakovskaya
- Center of Photonics & Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.R.); (D.G.)
| | - Jizhai Cui
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Valeri Tolstoy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospect, Petergof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Dmitry Gorin
- Center of Photonics & Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str., 121205 Moscow, Russia; (P.R.); (D.G.)
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Alexander A. Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.N.); (F.N.); (J.M.); (G.H.); (J.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, Gujarat, India; (A.K.S.); (S.M.)
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Zhang K, Ren Y, Zhao M, Jiang T, Hou L, Jiang H. Flexible Microswimmer Manipulation in Multiple Microfluidic Systems Utilizing Thermal Buoyancy-Capillary Convection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2560-2569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Meiying Zhao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Xing Y, Zhou M, Xu T, Tang S, Fu Y, Du X, Su L, Wen Y, Zhang X, Ma T. Core@Satellite Janus Nanomotors with pH‐Responsive Multi‐phoretic Propulsion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Mengyun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Songsong Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yang Fu
- Discipline of Chemistry The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Xin Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Lei Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Discipline of Chemistry The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
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Xing Y, Zhou M, Xu T, Tang S, Fu Y, Du X, Su L, Wen Y, Zhang X, Ma T. Core@Satellite Janus Nanomotors with pH‐Responsive Multi‐phoretic Propulsion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14368-14372. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Mengyun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Songsong Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yang Fu
- Discipline of Chemistry The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Xin Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Lei Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- Discipline of Chemistry The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia
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Lv H, Xing Y, Du X, Xu T, Zhang X. Construction of dendritic Janus nanomotors with H 2O 2 and NIR light dual-propulsion via a Pickering emulsion. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4961-4968. [PMID: 32432292 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00552e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Artificial micro/nanomotors with a dual-propulsion property have attracted considerable attention recently due to their attractive performances in complex fluidic environments. In this work, we successfully constructed Janus nanomotors with H2O2 and NIR light dual-propulsion by employing dendritic porous silica nanoparticles (DPSNs) as carriers via a Pickering emulsion and electrostatic self-assembly. The aminopropyl-modified DPSNs (DPSNs-NH2) with positive charge were semiburied in paraffin wax microparticles in order to achieve electrostatic adsorption of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with negative charge on the exposed surface for H2O2 propulsion, followed by electrostatic adsorption of negatively charged CuS NPs with excellent NIR light absorption on the other exposed surface of the eluted DPSNs-NH2@Pt for NIR light propulsion. Center-radial large mesopores facilitate the high density loading of Pt NPs and CuS NPs for efficient propulsion. Compared with the commonly used sputtering approach, this Pickering emulsion method can realize relatively large-scale fabrication of Janus NPs. DPSNs-NH2@Pt@CuS Janus nanomotors can be effectively driven not only by self-diffusiophoresis, which results from the decomposition of H2O2 catalyzed by Pt NPs, but also by self-thermophoresis, which is generated from thermal gradients caused by the photothermal effect of CuS NPs. Moreover, the motion speed of the nanomotors can be conveniently modulated by regulating the H2O2 concentration and NIR light intensity. This work provides a novel exploration into the construction of dual-propulsion nanomotors, which are supposed to have significant potential in biomedical and intelligent device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Lv
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Department of Chemistry & Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
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Nourhani A, Karshalev E, Soto F, Wang J. Multigear Bubble Propulsion of Transient Micromotors. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:7823615. [PMID: 32266331 PMCID: PMC7054719 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7823615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transient, chemically powered micromotors are promising biocompatible engines for microrobots. We propose a framework to investigate in detail the dynamics and the underlying mechanisms of bubble propulsion for transient chemically powered micromotors. Our observations on the variations of the micromotor active material and geometry over its lifetime, from initial activation to the final inactive state, indicate different bubble growth and ejection mechanisms that occur stochastically, resulting in time-varying micromotor velocity. We identify three processes of bubble growth and ejection, and in analogy with macroscopic multigear machines, we call each process a gear. Gear 1 refers to bubbles that grow on the micromotor surface before detachment while in Gear 2 bubbles hop out of the micromotor. Gear 3 is similar in nature to Gear 2, but the bubbles are too small to contribute to micromotor motion. We study the characteristics of these gears in terms of bubble size and ejection time, and how they contribute to micromotor displacement. The ability to tailor the shell polarity and hence the bubble growth and ejection and the surrounding fluid flow is demonstrated. Such understanding of the complex multigear bubble propulsion of transient chemical micromotors should guide their future design principles and serve for fine tuning the performance of these micromotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nourhani
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biology, Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Emil Karshalev
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fernando Soto
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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