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Ashikari Y, Yoshioka R, Yonekura Y, Yoo DE, Okamoto K, Nagaki A. Flowmicro In-Line Analysis-Driven Design of Reactions mediated by Unstable Intermediates: Flash Monitoring Approach. Chemistry 2024:e202303774. [PMID: 38216535 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The direct observation of reactive intermediates is an important issue for organic synthesis. However, intermediates with an extreme instability are hard to be monitored by common spectroscopic methods such as FTIR. We have developed synthetic method utilizing flow microreactors, which enables a generation and reactions of unstable intermediates. Herein we report that, based on our flowmicro techniques, we developed an in-line analysis method for reactive intermediates in increments of milliseconds. We demonstrated the direct observation of the living and dead species of the anionic polymerization of alkyl methacrylates. The direct information of the living species enabled the anionic polymerization and copolymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates, which is the important but difficult reaction in the conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Rikako Yoshioka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
- TOHO Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-2931 Urago-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0062, Japan
| | - Dong-Eun Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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2
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Wannipurage D, D'Aniello S, Pappalardo D, Kulathungage LW, Ward CL, Anderson DP, Groysman S, Mazzeo M. Simple magnesium alkoxides: synthesis, molecular structure, and catalytic behaviour in the ring-opening polymerization of lactide and macrolactones and in the copolymerization of maleic anhydride and propylene oxide. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:8077-8091. [PMID: 37232395 PMCID: PMC11066581 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00785e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of two chiral bulky alkoxide pro-ligands, 1-adamantyl-tert-butylphenylmethanol HOCAdtBuPh and 1-adamantylmethylphenylmethanol HOCAdMePh, is reported and their coordination chemistry with magnesium(II) is described and compared with the coordination chemistry of the previously reported achiral bulky alkoxide pro-ligand HOCtBu2Ph. Treatment of n-butyl-sec-butylmagnesium with two equivalents of the racemic mixture of HOCAdtBuPh led selectively to the formation of the mononuclear bis(alkoxide) complex Mg(OCAdtBuPh)2(THF)2. 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography suggested the selective formation of the C2-symmetric homochiral diastereomer Mg(OCRAdtBuPh)2(THF)2/Mg(OCSAdtBuPh)2(THF)2. In contrast, the less sterically encumbered HOCAdMePh led to the formation of dinuclear products indicating only partial alkyl group substitution. The mononuclear Mg(OCAdtBuPh)2(THF)2 complex was tested as a catalyst in different reactions for the synthesis of polyesters. In the ROP of lactide, Mg(OCAdtBuPh)2(THF)2 demonstrated very high activity, higher than that shown by Mg(OCtBu2Ph)2(THF)2, although with moderate control degrees. Both Mg(OCAdtBuPh)2(THF)2 and Mg(OCtBu2Ph)2(THF)2 were found to be very effective in the polymerization of macrolactones such as ω-pentadecalactone (PDL) and ω-6-hexadecenlactone (HDL) also under mild reaction conditions that are generally prohibitive for these substrates. The same catalysts demonstrated efficient ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of propylene oxide (PO) and maleic anhydride (MA) to produce poly(propylene maleate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Duleeka Wannipurage
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Sara D'Aniello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli" University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Cassandra L Ward
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Dennis P Anderson
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Stanislav Groysman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli" University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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Wu H, Li X, Yang L, Chen W, Zou C, Deng W, Wang Z, Hu J, Li Y, Huang Y. Cathodic Carbonyl Alkylation of Aryl Ketones or Aldehydes with Unactivated Alkyl Halides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9342-9347. [PMID: 36484503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An efficient cathodic carbonyl alkylation of aryl ketones or aldehydes with unactivated alkyl halides has been realized through the electrochemical activation of iron. The protocol is believed to include a radical-radical coupling or nucleophilic addition process, and the formation of ketyl radicals and alkyl radicals has been demonstrated. The protocol provides various tertiary or secondary alcohols by the formation of intermolecular C-C bonds under safe and mild conditions, is scalable, consumes little energy, and exhibits a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Xinling Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Canlin Zou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Deng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529090, P. R. China
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4
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Jiang Y, Yorimitsu H. Taming Highly Unstable Radical Anions and 1,4-Organodilithiums by Flow Microreactors: Controlled Reductive Dimerization of Styrenes. JACS AU 2022; 2:2514-2521. [PMID: 36465543 PMCID: PMC9709950 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of styrenes with lithium arenide in a flow microreactor leads to the instantaneous generation of highly unstable radical anions that subsequently dimerize to yield the corresponding 1,4-organodilithiums. A flow reactor with fast mixing is essential for this reductive dimerization as the efficiency and selectivity are low under batch conditions. A series of styrenes undergo dimerization, and the resulting 1,4-organodilithiums are trapped with various electrophiles. Trapping with divalent electrophiles affords precursors for useful yet less accessible cyclic structures, for example, siloles from dichlorosilanes. Thus, we highlight the power of single-electron reduction of unsaturated compounds in flow microreactors for organic synthesis.
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Flash Electrochemical Approach to Carbocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Takumi M, Sakaue H, Nagaki A. Flash Electrochemical Approach to Carbocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116177. [PMID: 34931424 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel flow electrochemical reactor that accomplishes electrolysis within a few seconds in a single passage was developed. By using the flow reactor system, the flash electrochemical generation of short-lived carbocations, including oxocarbenium ions, N -acyliminium ions, glycosyl cations, and Ferrier cations was achieved within a few seconds, enabling the subsequent reaction with nucleophiles before their decomposition. Moreover, continuous operation based on the present system enabled the rapid synthesis of pharmaceutical precursors on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Hodaka Sakaue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, Katsura, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
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Ashikari Y, Tamaki T, Kawaguchi T, Furusawa M, Yonekura Y, Ishikawa S, Takahashi Y, Aizawa Y, Nagaki A. Switchable Chemoselectivity of Reactive Intermediates Formation and Their Direct Use in A Flow Microreactor. Chemistry 2021; 27:16107-16111. [PMID: 34549843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselectivity switchable microflow reaction was developed to generate reactive and unstable intermediates. The switchable chemoselectivity of this reaction enables a selection for one of two different intermediates, an aryllithium or a benzyl lithium, at will from the same starting material. Starting from bromo-substituted styrenes, the aryllithium intermediates were converted to the substituted styrenes, whereas the benzyl lithium intermediates were engaged in an anionic polymerization. These chemoselectivity-switchable reactions can be integrated to produce polymers that cannot be formed during typical polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mai Furusawa
- TOHO Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-2931, Urago-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0062, Japan
| | - Yuya Yonekura
- TOHO Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 5-2931, Urago-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0062, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Aizawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Wong JYF, Thomson CG, Vilela F, Barker G. Flash chemistry enables high productivity metalation-substitution of 5-alkyltetrazoles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13413-13424. [PMID: 34777760 PMCID: PMC8528014 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrazoles play a prominent role in medicinal chemistry due to their role as carboxylate bioisosteres but have largely been overlooked as C-H functionalisation substrates. We herein report the development of a high-yielding and general procedure for the heterobenzylic C-H functionalisation of 5-alkyltetrazoles in up to 97% yield under batch conditions using a metalation/electrophilic trapping strategy. Through the use of thermal imaging to identify potentially unsafe exotherms, a continuous flow procedure using a flash chemistry strategy has also been developed, allowing products to be accessed in up to 95% yield. This enabled an extremely high productivity rate of 141 g h-1 to be achieved on an entry-level flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Y F Wong
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
- Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
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9
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Tamaki T, Nagaki A. Reaction Selectivity Control in Flash Synthetic Chemistry. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University
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10
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Nagaki A, Ashikari Y, Takumi M, Tamaki T. Flash Chemistry Makes Impossible Organolithium Chemistry Possible. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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11
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Mortzfeld F, Polenk J, Guelat B, Venturoni F, Schenkel B, Filipponi P. Reaction Calorimetry in Continuous Flow Mode: A New Approach for the Thermal Characterization of High Energetic and Fast Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Mortzfeld
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Polenk
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Guelat
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Venturoni
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Berthold Schenkel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Filipponi
- Novartis Pharma AG, Chemical Analytical Development, Novartis Campus, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Ashikari Y, Kawaguchi T, Mandai K, Aizawa Y, Nagaki A. A Synthetic Approach to Dimetalated Arenes Using Flow Microreactors and the Switchable Application to Chemoselective Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17039-17047. [PMID: 32859131 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In spite of their potential utility, the chemistry of dimetalated arenes is still in its infancy because they are extremely difficult to synthesize. We report a novel method of synthesizing arenes bearing a boryl group and a metallic substituent, such as boryl, silyl, stannyl, or zincyl groups, in an integrated flow microreactor based on the generation and reactions of aryllithiums bearing a trialkyl borate moiety. The bimetallic arenes showed a remarkable chemoselectivity in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The selectivity was switched by the selection of the metal species that constitutes the dimetalated arenes as well as appropriate catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ashikari
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kyoko Mandai
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Aizawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigakukatsura Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Synthesis of Biaryls Having a Piperidylmethyl Group Based on Space Integration of Lithiation, Borylation, and Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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