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Bohn T, de Lera AR, Landrier JF, Carlsen H, Merk D, Todt T, Renaut J, Rühl R. State-of-the-art methodological investigation of carotenoid activity and metabolism - from organic synthesis via metabolism to biological activity - exemplified by a novel retinoid signalling pathway. Food Funct 2023; 14:621-638. [PMID: 36562448 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02816f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are the most abundant lipophilic secondary plant metabolites and their dietary intake has been related to a large number of potential health benefits relevant for humans, including even reduced total mortality. An important feature is their potential to impact oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, by interacting with transcription factors. For example, they may act as precursors of bioactive derivatives activating nuclear hormone receptor mediated signalling. These bioactive derivatives, originating e.g. from β-carotene, i.e. retinoids / vitamin A, can activate the nuclear hormone receptors RARs (retinoic acid receptors). Due to new analytical insights, various novel metabolic pathways were recently outlined to be mediated via distinct nuclear hormone receptor activating pathways that were predicted and further confirmed. In this article, we describe old and novel metabolic pathways from various carotenoids towards novel ligands of alternative nuclear hormone receptors. However, to fully elucidate these pathways, a larger array of techniques and tools, starting from organic synthesis, lipidomics, reporter models, classical in vitro and in vivo models and further omics-approaches and their statistical evaluation are needed to comprehensively and conclusively study this topic. Thus, we further describe state-of-the-art techniques from A to Ω elucidating carotenoid biological mediated activities and describe in detail required materials and methods needed - in practical protocol form - for the various steps of carotenoid investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Daniel Merk
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department of Pharmacy, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tilman Todt
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, School of Applied Biosciences and Chemistry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ralph Rühl
- CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany. .,Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
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Pawley SB, Conner AM, Omer HM, Watson DA. Development of a General Method for the Hiyama-Denmark Cross-Coupling of Tetrasubstituted Vinyl Silanes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13108-13115. [PMID: 36817085 PMCID: PMC9933925 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
General conditions for the Hiyama-Denmark cross-coupling of tetrasubstituted vinyl silanes and aryl halides are reported. Prior reports of Hiyama-Denmark reactions of tetrasubstituted vinyl silanes have required the use of vinyl silanols or silanolates, which are challenging to handle, or internally activated vinyl silanes, which lack structural generality. Now, unactivated tetrasubstituted vinyl silanes, bearing bench-stable tetraorganosilicon centers, and aryl halides can be coupled. The key to this discovery is the identification of dimethyl(5-methylfuryl)vinylsilanes as bench stable and easily prepared cross-coupling partners that are readily activated under mild conditions in Hiyama-Denmark couplings. These palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings proceed well with aryl chlorides, though aryl bromides and iodides are also tolerated, and the reactions display high stereospecificity in the formation of tetrasubstituted alkenes. In addition, only a mild base (KOSiMe3) and common solvents (THF/DMA) are required, and importantly toxic additives (such as 18-crown-6) are not needed. We also show that these conditions are equally applicable to Hiyama-Denamrk coupling of trisubstituted vinyl silanes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Humair M. Omer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Donald A. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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Mousavi S, Mansoori Y, Nuri A, Esquivel D, Navarro MA. A Pd(II) Magnetically Retrievable Catalyst for Hiyama Reaction: Functionalization of Magnetic Mesoporous Silica via Click Reaction. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang M, Gao S, Tang J, Chen L, Liu A, Sheng S, Zhang AQ. Asymmetric synthesis of chiral organosilicon compounds via transition metal-catalyzed stereoselective C-H activation and silylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8250-8263. [PMID: 34323898 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This feature article details the progress of transition metal-catalyzed stereoselective sp2 and sp3 C-H activation and silylation in the synthesis of chiral organosilicon compounds, and the asymmetric C-H silylation includes intramolecular cyclizing silylation and intermolecular silylation. The silylating reagents include monohydrosilanes, dihydrosilanes, silacylcobutanes and disilanes. In general, catalytic systems include a transition metal salt as the catalyst and a chiral ligand. No external chiral ligand is required in some cases where the chiral substrates act as the source of chirality. Many kinds of silylated compounds with central, axial, planar, or helical chirality have been constructed via C-H activation by asymmetric rhodium, iridium or palladium catalysis. Some pharmacophores and material building blocks were successfully introduced into the target molecules. Some silylated products proved to be useful in medicinal chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and materials science. Besides reaction development, mechanisms for stereoselective C-H activation and silylation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu Campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
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5
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Rivas A, Areal A, Mora P, Álvarez R, de Lera AR. Synthesis of Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Polyenes by Iterative and Bidirectional Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 26:13543-13567. [PMID: 32267574 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional unsaturated reagents designed to undergo palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with complementary polyenyl connective fragments are highly useful for the undoubtedly challenging synthesis of polyenes. The current toolkit of building blocks for the bidirectional formation of Csp2 -Csp2 single bonds of polyenes includes homo-bisfunctionalized reagents with equal or unequal reactivity (due to steric and/or electronic factors), and hetero-bisfunctionalized counterparts containing either two different nucleophiles, two electrophiles or one of these functionalities and a latent nucleophile that can be unmasked when desired. The combination of these bifunctional linchpin reagents using tactics that modulate the reactivity of each terminus in order to achieve the required connection have streamlined the synthesis of polyenes of great complexity using (iterative) cross-coupling methods for Csp2 -Csp2 bond formation. Reaction conditions for the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are mild and functional-group-tolerant, and therefore these protocols allow to construct the polyene structures using shorter unsaturated reactants with the desired geometries, since in general the products preserve the stereochemical information of the connected cross-coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Rivas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Andrea Areal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Paula Mora
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Rivas A, Pequerul R, Barracco V, Domínguez M, López S, Jiménez R, Parés X, Alvarez R, Farrés J, de Lera AR. Synthesis of C11-to-C14 methyl-shifted all-trans-retinal analogues and their activities on human aldo-keto reductases. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4788-4801. [PMID: 32530010 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are enzymes involved in the reduction, among other substrates, of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol (vitamin A), thus contributing to the control of the levels of retinoids in organisms. Structure-activity relationship studies of a series of C11-to-C14 methyl-shifted (relative to natural C13-methyl) all-trans-retinal analogues as putative substrates of AKRs have been reported. The synthesis of these retinoids was based on the formation of a C10-C11 single bond of the pentaene skeleton starting from a trienyl iodide and the corresponding dienylstannanes and dienylsilanes, using the Stille-Kosugi-Migita and Hiyama-Denmark cross-coupling reactions, respectively. Since these reagents differ by the location and presence of methyl groups at the dienylorganometallic fragment, the study also provided insights into the ability of the different positional isomers to undergo cross-coupling and the sensitivity of these processes to steric hindrance. The resulting C11-to-C14 methyl-shifted all-trans-retinal analogues were found to be active substrates when tested with AKR1B1 and AKR1B10 enzymes, although relevant differences in substrate specificities were noted. For AKR1B1, all analogues exhibited higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than parent all-trans-retinal. In addition, only all-trans-11-methylretinal, the most hydrophobic derivative, showed a higher value of kcat/Km = 106 000 ± 23 200 mM-1 min-1 for AKR1B10, which is in fact the highest value from all known retinoid substrates of this enzyme. The novel structures, identified as efficient AKR substrates, may serve in the design of selective inhibitors with potential pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Rivas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Raquel Pequerul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vito Barracco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain and Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago, Spain
| | - Rafael Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Parés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jaume Farrés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain.
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