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Haensch VG, Hertweck C. Photosensitizers Enable the Formation of Biphenyls with UV-LEDs and Sunlight. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400605. [PMID: 38421111 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The regioselective synthesis of biphenyls, which are economically important pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and liquid crystals, is a challenging task. Current methods rely on metal-dependent cross-coupling reactions, which unfortunately require the use of harmful halogenated aryls and heavy metal catalysts that are toxic and difficult to remove from the final products. Recently, we have circumvented these problems by developing a metal-free and broadly applicable photochemical method for biphenyl synthesis using UV-C light, called photosplicing. Here we present an improved method using photosensitizers in combination with UV-B, UV-A light, or sunlight. Using a high-precision flow reactor with deep-UV LEDs, we investigated the ability of commonly available organic photosensitizers to enhance the photosplicing reaction and identified a number of suitable photosensitizers with the required triplet energy. This method allows for easy batch synthesis of biaryls in borosilicate glassware and paves the way for their large-scale production without the need for flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Haensch VG, Görls H, Hertweck C. A Photochemical Macrocyclization Route to Asymmetric Strained [3.2] Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202577. [PMID: 36094023 PMCID: PMC10092696 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intricate frameworks of paracyclophanes are an important target for synthesis since they are found in various chiral auxiliaries, solar cells, high-performance plastics, pharmaceuticals, and molecular machines. Whereas numerous methods exist for the preparation of symmetric paracyclophanes, protocols for the efficient synthesis of strained asymmetric scaffolds are limited. Here we report a remarkably simple photochemical route to strained [3.2]paracyclophanes starting from readily available educts. By way of NMR and X-ray analyses, we discovered that UV-irradiation of an aromatic carboxylic ester tethered to a toluene moiety leads to the intramolecular formation of a new C-C bond, with loss of an alcohol. A systematic evaluation of the reaction conditions and substituents, as well as radical starter and triplet quenching experiments, point to a reaction mechanism involving an excited triplet state and hydrogen atom transfer. The new method proved to be robust and versatile enabling the synthesis of a range of cyclophanes with different substitutions, including an unusual diastereoisomer with two planar chiral centers, and thus proved to be a valuable addition to the synthetic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G. Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKIBeutenbergstrasse 11a07745JenaGermany
- Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstraße 807743JenaGermany
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Burešová Z, Jandová V, Klikar M, Grygarová M, Bureš F. Construction of bi(hetero)aryls via dicyanopyrazine-mediated photochemical cross-coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9378-9384. [PMID: 36385305 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01836e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical cross-coupling protocol towards bi(hetero)aryls has been developed. The coupling reactions were mediated by dicyanopyrazine photoredox catalyst, while a photoinduced disproportionation process has been identified as an accompanying mechanism, especially for pyrrole derivatives. The developed method allows the cross-coupling of five-membered rings such as pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole and oxazole as well as various diazines (pyridine and pyrimidine) and benzene derivatives. A plausible mechanism of the reaction has also been disclosed. The practical application and relevance of the developed method were demonstrated by constructing an atorvastatin core or by the gradual functionalization of benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole. In total, twenty-one bi(hetero)aryls were prepared in yields ranging from 19 to 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Burešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Jandová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Klikar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Grygarová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Bureš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 53210, Czech Republic.
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Haensch VG, Neuwirth T, Bergner A, Bruhnke J, Kloss F, Hertweck C. Sustainable and Highly Controlled Aryl Couplings Revealed by Systematic Assessment of Photoactivatable Linkers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5680-5686. [PMID: 35694362 PMCID: PMC9116350 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00886f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of biphenyls, which play a prominent role in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and liquid crystals typically requires hazardous organometallic reagents, aryl halides, and heavy metal catalysts. We recently reported...
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Toni Neuwirth
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Alexander Bergner
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jakob Bruhnke
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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Chu XQ, Ge D, Cui YY, Shen ZL, Li CJ. Desulfonylation via Radical Process: Recent Developments in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12548-12680. [PMID: 34387465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the "chemical chameleon", sulfonyl-containing compounds and their variants have been merged with various types of reactions for the efficient construction of diverse molecular architectures by taking advantage of their incredible reactive flexibility. Currently, their involvement in radical transformations, in which the sulfonyl group typically acts as a leaving group via selective C-S, N-S, O-S, S-S, and Se-S bond cleavage/functionalization, has facilitated new bond formation strategies which are complementary to classical two-electron cross-couplings via organometallic or ionic intermediates. Considering the great influence and synthetic potential of these novel avenues, we summarize recent advances in this rapidly expanding area by discussing the reaction designs, substrate scopes, mechanistic studies, and their limitations, outlining the state-of-the-art processes involved in radical-mediated desulfonylation and related transformations. With a specific emphasis on their synthetic applications, we believe this review will be useful for medicinal and synthetic organic chemists who are interested in radical chemistry and radical-mediated desulfonylation in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qiang Chu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Danhua Ge
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Ying Cui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Shen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Wessig P, Krebs S. N‐Aroylsulfonamide‐Photofragmentation (ASAP)‐A Versatile Route to Biaryls. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Wessig
- Institut für Chemie Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Saskia Krebs
- Institut für Chemie Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab University of Pavia Viale Taramelli 10 27100 Pavia Italy
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McGuire RT, Simon CM, Yadav AA, Ferguson MJ, Stradiotto M. Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Sulfonamides With (Hetero)aryl Chlorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Connor M. Simon
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Arun A. Yadav
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie Montreal Quebec H4S 2E1 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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McGuire RT, Simon CM, Yadav AA, Ferguson MJ, Stradiotto M. Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Sulfonamides With (Hetero)aryl Chlorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8952-8956. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Connor M. Simon
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Arun A. Yadav
- Paraza Pharma, Inc. 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie Montreal Quebec H4S 2E1 Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-Ray Crystallography Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Mark Stradiotto
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada
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Johnson S, Kovács E, Greaney MF. Arylation and alkenylation of activated alkyl halides using sulfonamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3222-3224. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00220h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A variety of quaternary aryl amino acid derivatives can be synthesised using tandem SN2/Smiles rearrangement chemistry involving aryl sulfonamides and α-chloro carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Johnson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Ervin Kovács
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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