1
|
Usui K, Amano A, Murayama K, Sasaya M, Kusumoto R, Umeno T, Murase S, Iizuka N, Matsumoto S, Fuchi Y, Takahashi K, Kawahata M, Kobori Y, Karasawa S. Photoisomerization of "Partially Embedded Dihydropyridazine" with a Helical Structure. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302413. [PMID: 37612241 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of two "partially embedded fused-dihydropyridazine N-aryl aza[5]helicene derivatives" (PDHs) and the demonstration of their intrinsic photo-triggered multi-functional properties based on a Kekulé biradical structure. Introducing bulky electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl or pentafluoroethyl groups into the aza[5]helicene framework (PDH-CF3 and -C2 F5 ) gives PDH axial chirality based on the helicity of the P and M forms, even at room temperature. Upon photo-irradiation of PDH-CF3 in a frozen solution, an ESR signal from the triplet biradical with zero-field splitting values, generated by N-N bond dissociation, was observed. However, when the irradiation was turned off, the ESR signal became silent, thus indicating the existence of two equilibria: between the biradical and quinoidal forms based on the Kekulé structure, and between N-N bond cleavage and recombination. The observed photo- and thermally induced behaviors indicate that T-type photochromic molecules are involved in the photoisomerization mechanism involving the two equilibria. Inspired by the photoisomerization, chirality control of PDH by photoracemization was achieved. Multiple functionalities, such as T-type photochromism, photo-excitation-mediated triplet biradical formation, and photoracemization, which are attributed to the "partially embedded dihydropyridazine" structure, are demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuteru Usui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ami Amano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kasumi Murayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Miho Sasaya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ryota Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Umeno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Satsuki Murase
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Naoko Iizuka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shota Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Fuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawahata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Graduate School of Science Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Karasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3512-1 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walsh MP, Barclay JA, Begg CS, Xuan J, Kitching MO. Conglomerate Crystallization in the Cambridge Structural Database (2020-2021). CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:2837-2844. [PMID: 37038395 PMCID: PMC10080650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Conglomerate crystals are materials capable of undergoing spontaneous resolution and were responsible for the discovery of molecular chirality. Their relevance to modern chemical and crystallographic sciences has been hindered by the difficulty in identifying and searching materials with this characteristic ability to spontaneously bias their own enantioenrichment. With the release of the November 2021 distribution of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) (version 5.43), a fresh quantity of chiral conglomerate crystals is expected to have been published in the CSD without identification. Indeed, no crystals in the CSD have been identified as a spontaneously resolving conglomerate crystal in their crystallographic information file since the 2019 release, despite the deposition of over 108,000 new crystal structures into the database over the same time period. A manual inspection of crystals deposited between 2020 and 2021 was conducted to identify 343 new chiral materials which exhibit conglomerate crystallization behavior. It is hoped that the continued manual curation of this list will aid those in the crystallographic and synthetic communities to study and exploit this spontaneous enantioenrichment behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Walsh
- Process
Research and Development, Carbogen Amcis
Ltd., 303 Clayton Lane, Manchester, M11 4SX, U.K.
| | - James A. Barclay
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Callum S. Begg
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Jinyi Xuan
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Matthew O. Kitching
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Charpentier MD, Venkatramanan R, Rougeot C, Leyssens T, Johnston K, ter Horst JH. Multicomponent Chiral Quantification with Ultraviolet Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: Ternary and Quaternary Phase Diagrams of Levetiracetam. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:616-629. [PMID: 36468979 PMCID: PMC9811458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Chiral molecules are challenging for the pharmaceutical industry because although physical properties of the enantiomers are the same in achiral systems, they exhibit different effects in chiral systems, such as the human body. The separation of enantiomers is desired but complex, as enantiomers crystallize most often as racemic compounds. A technique to enable the chiral separation of racemic compounds is to create an asymmetry in the thermodynamic system by generating chiral cocrystal(s) using a chiral coformer and using the solubility differences to enable separation through crystallization from solution. However, such quaternary systems are complex and require analytical methods to quantify different chiral molecules in solution. Here, we develop a new chiral quantification method using ultraviolet-circular dichroism spectroscopy and multivariate partial least squares calibration models, to build multicomponent chiral phase diagrams. Working on the quaternary system of (R)- and (S)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide enantiomers with (S)-mandelic acid in acetonitrile, we measure accurately the full quaternary phase diagram for the first time. By understanding the phase stabilities of the racemic compound and the enantiospecific cocrystal, the chiral resolution of levetiracetam could be designed due to a large asymmetry in overall solubility between both sides of the racemic composition. This new method offers improvements for chiral molecule quantification in complex multicomponent chiral systems and can be applied to other chiral spectroscopy techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime D. Charpentier
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallization (CMAC), University of Strathclyde,
Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, GlasgowG1 1RD, U.K.,
| | - Raghunath Venkatramanan
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallization (CMAC), University of Strathclyde,
Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, GlasgowG1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Céline Rougeot
- UCB
Pharma SA, chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-L’Alleud, Brussels1070, Belgium
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, UCLouvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Brussels1070, Belgium
| | - Karen Johnston
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, GlasgowG1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Joop H. ter Horst
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallization (CMAC), University of Strathclyde,
Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, GlasgowG1 1RD, U.K.,Laboratoire
Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives (SMS), Univ Rouen Normandie, UR 3233, F-76000Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walsh MP, Barclay JA, Begg CS, Xuan J, Johnson NT, Cole JC, Kitching MO. Identifying a Hidden Conglomerate Chiral Pool in the CSD. JACS AU 2022; 2:2235-2250. [PMID: 36311827 PMCID: PMC9597607 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conglomerate crystallization is the spontaneous generation of individually enantioenriched crystals from a nonenantioenriched material. This behavior is responsible for spontaneous resolution and the discovery of molecular chirality by Pasteur. The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization of chiral organic molecules has been left largely undocumented, with no actively curated list available in the literature. While other crystallographic behaviors can be interrogated by automated searching, conglomerate crystallizations are not identified within the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and are therefore not accessible by conventional automated searching. By conducting a manual search of the CSD and literature, a list of over 1800 chiral species capable of conglomerate crystallization was curated by inspection of the racemic synthetic routes described in each publication. The majority of chiral conglomerate crystals are produced and published by synthetic chemists who seldom note and rarely exploit the implications this phenomenon can have on the enantiopurity of their crystalline materials. With their structures revealed, we propose that this list of compounds represents a new chiral pool which is not tied to biological sources of chirality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Walsh
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - James A. Barclay
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Callum S. Begg
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Jinyi Xuan
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Natalie T. Johnson
- Cambridge
Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, CambridgeCB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C. Cole
- Cambridge
Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, CambridgeCB2 1EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew O. Kitching
- Department
of Chemistry Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, DurhamDH1 3LE, United
Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li C, Sang Y, Jin X, Duan P, Liu M. Homologous and Heterologous Chiral Supramolecular Polymerization from Exclusively Achiral Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206332. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) No.11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yutao Sang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xue Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) No.11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) No.11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Charpentier MD, Devogelaer JJ, Tijink A, Meekes H, Tinnemans P, Vlieg E, de Gelder R, Johnston K, ter Horst JH. Comparing and Quantifying the Efficiency of Cocrystal Screening Methods for Praziquantel. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:5511-5525. [PMID: 36097547 PMCID: PMC9460446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals are highly interesting due to their effect on physicochemical properties and their role in separation technologies, particularly for chiral molecules. Detection of new cocrystals is a challenge, and robust screening methods are required. As numerous techniques exist that differ in their crystallization mechanisms, their efficiencies depend on the coformers investigated. The most important parameters characterizing the methods are the (a) screenable coformer fraction, (b) coformer success rate, (c) ability to give several cocrystals per successful coformer, (d) identification of new stable phases, and (e) experimental convenience. Based on these parameters, we compare and quantify the performance of three methods: liquid-assisted grinding, solvent evaporation, and saturation temperature measurements of mixtures. These methods were used to screen 30 molecules, predicted by a network-based link prediction algorithm (described in Cryst. Growth Des. 2021, 21(6), 3428-3437) as potential coformers for the target molecule praziquantel. The solvent evaporation method presented more drawbacks than advantages, liquid-assisted grinding emerged as the most successful and the quickest, while saturation temperature measurements provided equally good results in a slower route yielding additional solubility information relevant for future screenings, single-crystal growth, and cocrystal production processes. Seventeen cocrystals were found, with 14 showing stability and 12 structures resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime D. Charpentier
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallization (CMAC), University of Strathclyde,
Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K..
| | - Jan-Joris Devogelaer
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Tijink
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René de Gelder
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Johnston
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, James Weir Building, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Joop H. ter Horst
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallization (CMAC), University of Strathclyde,
Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K..
- Laboratoire
Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, Université de Rouen Normandie, Place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li C, Sang Y, Jin X, Duan P, Liu M. Homologous and Heterologous Chiral Supramolecular Polymerization from Exclusively Achiral Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication Beijing CHINA
| | - Yutao Sang
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Beijing CHINA
| | - Xue Jin
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication Beijing CHINA
| | - Pengfei Duan
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication No.11 ZhongGuanCunBeiYiTiao 100190 Beijing CHINA
| | - Minghua Liu
- Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics Beijing CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Williams JD, Pöchlauer P, Okumura Y, Inami Y, Kappe CO. Photochemical Deracemization of a Medicinally-Relevant Benzopyran using an Oscillatory Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200741. [PMID: 35293645 PMCID: PMC9321886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic deracemization processes, such as crystallization-induced diastereomer transformations (CIDTs), offer the opportunity to combine racemization and resolution processes, to provide high yields of enantiomerically pure compounds. To date, few of these processes have incorporated photochemical racemization. By combining batch crystallization with a flow photoreactor for efficient irradiation, it is possible to perform such deracemization in an effective, scalable and high yielding manner. After applying design of experiment (DoE) principles and mathematical modelling, the most efficient parameter set could be identified, leading to excellent results in just 4 h reaction time: isolated yield of 82 % and assay ee of 96 %. Such photochemical racemization methods can serve to open new avenues for preparation of enantiomerically pure functional molecules on both small and industrially-relevant scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Pöchlauer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Linz, St.-Peter-Straße 25, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Yoshiyuki Okumura
- R&D and Business Promotion, AskAt Inc. 2F Dai-Tokai Building, 3-22-8 Meieki Nakamura-ku Nagoya, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - Yukari Inami
- R&D and Business Promotion, AskAt Inc. 2F Dai-Tokai Building, 3-22-8 Meieki Nakamura-ku Nagoya, Aichi, 450-0002, Japan
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Belletti G, Schuurman J, Stinesen H, Meekes H, Rutjes FPJT, Vlieg E. Combining Viedma Ripening and Temperature Cycling Deracemization. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:1874-1881. [PMID: 35264911 PMCID: PMC8895382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While much data are available for the Viedma ripening and temperature cycling deracemization processes, not much is known about the advantages (or disadvantages) of a combination of the two. We here try to elucidate what happens when Viedma ripening is used in combination with temperature cycling by comparing not only the deracemization times but also the change in the sizes of the crystals. We found that, in the case of NMPA (rac-(2-methylbenzylidene)-phenylglycine amide) as a model compound, combined experiments significantly increase the deracemization time. By tuning the process parameters, it is possible to approach experimental conditions where both Viedma ripening and temperature cycling control the deracemization. Under those conditions, however, the deracemization time is not significantly improved. Following our results, it seems unlikely that a combination of Viedma ripening and temperature cycling would shorten the deracemization time. Nevertheless, these experiments might provide clues for unraveling the mechanism of temperature cycling.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lerdwiriyanupap T, Belletti G, Tinnemans P, Cedeno R, Meekes H, Vlieg E, Flood AE. Influence of Ostwald's Rule of Stages in the Deracemization of a Compound Using a Racemic Resolving Agent. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:1459-1466. [PMID: 35140550 PMCID: PMC8815034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stereoisomeric system of rac-2-phenylglycinamide (PGA) and rac-N-acetyl tryptophan (NAT) is significant in the application of chiral resolution because it has been shown that this system can be used for enantioseparation of PGA and/or NAT using a novel deracemization route of the conglomerate salt formed. However, it was also found that the conglomerate salt eventually converted into different crystal forms that limited the time available for the separation. Herein, we try to understand the phase conversion occurring in this system using DSC, PXRD, and SC-XRD. The related structures of the salt (two polymorphs of the more stable homochiral (dd- and ll-) salts and one polymorph of the less stable heterochiral (dl- and ld-) monohydrate salts) are demonstrated and discussed relating to their relative stabilities. The successful deracemization was demonstrated using the heterochiral (dl- or ld-) monohydrate salts. However, following Ostwald's rule of stages, only limited time is available for the deracemization before the metastable compound converts into the more stable homochiral (dd- and ll-) pair. Moreover, the occurrence of the (dd- and ll-) phase always coincides with the formation of yet another phase of the racemic compound containing four components in a crystal. Ostwald's rule of stages here thus involves three steps and phases and is highly significant during the deracemization of the homochiral species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharit Lerdwiriyanupap
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science
and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute
of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Belletti
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruel Cedeno
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science
and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute
of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian E. Flood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science
and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute
of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Many structures in nature look symmetric, but this is not completely accurate, because absolute symmetry is close to death. Chirality (handedness) is one form of living asymmetry. Chirality has been extensively investigated at different levels. Many rules were coined in attempts made for many decades to have control over the selection of handedness that seems to easily occur in nature. It is certain that if good control is realized on chirality, the roads will be ultimately open towards numerous developments in pharmaceutical, technological, and industrial applications. This tutorial review presents a report on chirality from single molecules to supramolecular assemblies. The realized functions are still in their infancy and have been scarcely converted into actual applications. This review provides an overview for starters in the chirality field of research on concepts, common methodologies, and outstanding accomplishments. It starts with an introductory section on the definitions and classifications of chirality at the different levels of molecular complexity, followed by highlighting the importance of chirality in biological systems and the different means of realizing chirality and its inversion in solid and solution-based systems at molecular and supramolecular levels. Chirality-relevant important findings and (bio-)technological applications are also reported accordingly.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lerdwiriyanupap T, Belletti G, Tinnemans P, Meekes H, Rutjes FPJT, Vlieg E, Flood AE. Combining Diastereomeric Resolution and Viedma Ripening by Using a Racemic Resolving Agent. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharit Lerdwiriyanupap
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering School of Molecular Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Belletti
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Adrian E. Flood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antenucci A, Dughera S, Renzi P. Green Chemistry Meets Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A Critical Overview on Catalysts Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2785-2853. [PMID: 33984187 PMCID: PMC8362219 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Can green chemistry be the right reading key to let organocatalyst design take a step forward towards sustainable catalysis? What if the intriguing chemistry promoted by more engineered organocatalysts was carried on by using renewable and naturally occurring molecular scaffolds, or at least synthetic catalysts more respectful towards the principles of green chemistry? Within the frame of these questions, this Review will tackle the most commonly occurring organic chiral catalysts from the perspective of their synthesis rather than their employment in chemical methodologies or processes. A classification of the catalyst scaffolds based on their E factor will be provided, and the global E factor (EG factor) will be proposed as a new green chemistry metric to consider, also, the synthetic route to the catalyst within a given organocatalytic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achille Antenucci
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia Pietro Giuria, 710125TurinItaly
- NIS Interdeprtmental CentreINSTM Reference CentreUniversity of TurinVia Gioacchino Quarello 15/A10135TurinItaly
| | - Stefano Dughera
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia Pietro Giuria, 710125TurinItaly
| | - Polyssena Renzi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia Pietro Giuria, 710125TurinItaly
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cachelin P, Khandewal H, Debije MG, Peijs T, Bastiaansen CWM. Optical UV Dosimeters Based on Photoracemization of (
R
)‐(+)‐1,1′‐Bi(2‐Napthol) (BINOL) within a Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystalline Matrix. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Cachelin
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road E1 4NS London United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Khandewal
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Peijs
- WMG University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Cees W. M. Bastiaansen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road E1 4NS London United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials and Devices Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Devogelaer JJ, Charpentier MD, Tijink A, Dupray V, Coquerel G, Johnston K, Meekes H, Tinnemans P, Vlieg E, ter Horst JH, de Gelder R. Cocrystals of Praziquantel: Discovery by Network-Based Link Prediction. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021; 21:3428-3437. [PMID: 34276256 PMCID: PMC8276530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cocrystallization has been promoted as an attractive early development tool as it can change the physicochemical properties of a target compound and possibly enable the purification of single enantiomers from racemic compounds. In general, the identification of adequate cocrystallization candidates (or coformers) is troublesome and hampers the exploration of the solid-state landscape. For this reason, several computational tools have been introduced over the last two decades. In this study, cocrystals of Praziquantel (PZQ), an anthelmintic drug used to treat schistosomiasis, are predicted with network-based link prediction and experimentally explored. Single crystals of 12 experimental cocrystal indications were grown and subjected to a structural analysis with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This case study illustrates the power of the link-prediction approach and its ability to suggest a diverse set of new coformer candidates for a target compound when starting from only a limited number of known cocrystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Joris Devogelaer
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime D. Charpentier
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallization (CMAC), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical
Sciences (SIPBS), Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Arnoud Tijink
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Dupray
- Laboratoire
Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, SMS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gérard Coquerel
- Laboratoire
Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, SMS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Karen Johnston
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Meekes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vlieg
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop H. ter Horst
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallization (CMAC), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical
Sciences (SIPBS), Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire
Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, SMS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - René de Gelder
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buhse T, Cruz JM, Noble-Terán ME, Hochberg D, Ribó JM, Crusats J, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Deracemizations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2147-2229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - María E. Noble-Terán
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera Ajalvir, Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Valenti G, Tinnemans P, Baglai I, Noorduin WL, Kaptein B, Leeman M, Ter Horst JH, Kellogg RM. Combining Incompatible Processes for Deracemization of a Praziquantel Derivative under Flow Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5279-5282. [PMID: 33241861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient deracemization method for conversion of the racemate to the desirable (R)-enantiomer of Praziquantel has been developed by coupling incompatible racemization and crystallization processes. By a library approach, a derivative that crystallizes as a conglomerate has been identified. Racemization occurs via reversible hydrogenation over a palladium on carbon (Pd/C) packed column at 130 °C, whereas deracemization is achieved by alternating crystal growth/dissolution steps with temperature cycling between 5-15 °C. These incompatible processes are combined by means of a flow system resulting in complete deracemization of the solid phase to the desired (R)-enantiomer (98 % ee). Such an unprecedented deracemization by a decoupled crystallization/racemization approach can readily be turned into a practical process and opens new opportunities for the development of essential enantiomerically pure building blocks that require harsh methods for racemization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iaroslav Baglai
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem L Noorduin
- AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Kaptein
- InnoSyn BV, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Leeman
- Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop H Ter Horst
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Valenti G, Tinnemans P, Baglai I, Noorduin WL, Kaptein B, Leeman M, ter Horst JH, Kellogg RM. Combining Incompatible Processes for Deracemization of a Praziquantel Derivative under Flow Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Willem L. Noorduin
- AMOLF Science Park 104 1098 XG Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joop H. ter Horst
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation (CMAC) Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Innovation Centre University of Strathclyde 99 George Street Glasgow G1 1RD UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spontaneous and Controlled Macroscopic Chiral Symmetry Breaking by Means of Crystallization. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, macroscopic chiral symmetry breaking refers to as the process in which a mixture of enantiomers departs from 50–50 symmetry to favor one chirality, resulting in either a scalemic mixture or a pure enantiomer. In this domain, crystallization offers various possibilities, from the classical Viedma ripening or Temperature Cycle-Induced Deracemization to the famous Kondepudi experiment and then to so-called Preferential Enrichment. These processes, together with some variants, will be depicted in terms of thermodynamic pathways, departure from equilibrium and operating conditions. Influential parameters on the final state will be reviewed as well as the impact of kinetics of the R ⇔ S equilibrium in solution on chiral symmetry breaking. How one can control the outcome of symmetry breaking is examined. Several open questions are detailed and different interpretations are discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Baglai I, Leeman M, Wurst K, Kellogg RM, Noorduin WL. Enantiospecific Solid Solution Formation Triggers the Propagation of Homochirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Leeman
- Syncom BV Kadijk 3 9747 AT Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Wurst
- University of Innsbruck Innrain 80–82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baglai I, Leeman M, Wurst K, Kellogg RM, Noorduin WL. Enantiospecific Solid Solution Formation Triggers the Propagation of Homochirality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20885-20889. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Leeman
- Syncom BV Kadijk 3 9747 AT Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Wurst
- University of Innsbruck Innrain 80–82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Intaraboonrod K, Lerdwiriyanupap T, Hoquante M, Coquerel G, Flood AE. Temperature cycle induced deracemization. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|