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Wei B, Chen YH, Knochel P. Recent Advances in Halogen-Metal Exchange Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1951-1963. [PMID: 38953535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe halogen-metal exchange reaction is a very powerful method for preparing functionalized organometallic reagents in the fields of organic and organometallic chemistry. Since its inception, significant interest has been directed toward the on-demand development of new halogen-metal exchange reactions, primarily through the upgrading of exchange reagents. The enduring quest for optimal reactivity, superior functional group compatibility, and innovative synthetic applications of exchange reagents remains a fundamental objective. In the past several years, the emergence of some significant discoveries in halogen-metal exchange reactions has proclaimed a renaissance to this field. This Account outlines the latest advances within the domain contributed by the Knochel group, including the main points as follows.The stereoretentive I/Li exchange on stereodefined secondary alkyl iodides was developed for the synthesis of nonstabilized chiral secondary alkyllithium reagents. This provided a straightforward method to access chiral organolithium reagents, which can be trapped by various electrophiles or transmetalated with other metals such as copper, zinc, and magnesium, thus enabling the stereoselective synthesis of a series of functionalized compounds and natural products.Faster halogen-magnesium and halogen-zinc exchanges in toluene were realized using a novel kind of exchange reagent complexed with lithium alkoxide. These highly efficient exchange reactions are much faster than traditional ones and performed in an industrially friendly solvent. These advantages are of great value in practical synthesis, paving the way for new developments in this evolving area.Halogen-lanthanide exchanges and their novel applications in organic synthesis were established. These new exchanges introduced the lanthanide metals into halogen-metal exchange reactions for the first time, thereby opening new avenues in synthetic chemistry. Building on these achievements, a comparative analysis of the exchange reaction rates by kinetic study has quantified the relationship between the electronegativity of metals and the rates of halogen-metal exchanges.Br/Na exchange in continuous flow was achieved using a hexane-soluble exchange reagent, 2-ethylhexylsodium. This approach effectively circumvented the poor solubility of the organosodium reagent, which has proven to be of significant practical value and greatly enhanced the synthetic utility of the organosodium reagent in organic synthesis.These remarkable breakthroughs as mentioned above are fueled mainly by upgrading the exchange reagents, resulting in the development of new halogen-metal exchange reactions and innovative applications in organic synthesis. Given the importance of halogen-metal exchanges in synthetic chemistry, the pursuit of other types of exchange reactions, particularly those involving new metals, will be in continuous demand. This Account provides a timely summary of recent progress and will undoubtedly inspire further advances to drive this research field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei China
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
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Inoue K, Mori A, Okano K. Ultrafast Halogen Dance Reactions of Bromoarenes Enabled by Catalytic Potassium Hexamethyldisilazide. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400104. [PMID: 38329223 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Lochmann-Schlosser base, a stoichiometric combination of nBuLi and KOtBu, is commonly used as a superbase for deprotonating a wide range of organic compounds. In the present study, we report that catalytic potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS) exhibits higher catalytic activity than KOtBu for successive bromine-metal exchanges. Accordingly, 1-10 mol% of KHMDS dramatically enhances halogen dance reactions to introduce various electrophiles to bromopyridine, bromoimidazole, bromothiophene, bromofuran, and bromobenzene derivatives with the bromo group translocated from the original position. A dual catalytic cycle is proposed to explain the ultrafast bromine transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Paul S, Panja S, Hazra N, Gayen K, Banerjee A. Carbon Dot as Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysts for a Myriad of Organic Transformations. J Org Chem 2024; 89:91-100. [PMID: 38113131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free catalysts for various organic transformations are of high demand now. In this study, we present a new carbon dot as an efficient metal-free nanophotocatalyst for carrying out a series of organic bond formation reactions. Using a single photocatalyst carbon dot, Csp2-Csp2, Csp2-B, Csp2-S, Csp2-Se, and C-P bond formation reactions were performed with a high yield of the corresponding products. Moreover, Csp2-H activation of the aromatic ring was achieved by merging the carbon dot photocatalyst with a transition metal. Interestingly, these carbon nanodot-based catalysts show good recyclability a few times without any significant loss of catalytic activity. The development of catalytic systems based on carbon dots has its merits vested in the advantageous properties of this nanomaterial, such as a robust chemical nature and cheap cost of preparation. This report demonstrates that a carbon dot indeed holds the potential to replace expensive metal-based catalysts as well as organic dyes in five different photoredox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Paul
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subir Panja
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Niladri Hazra
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Kousik Gayen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Bishop HD, Zhao Q, Uyeda C. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Zinc Metallacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20152-20157. [PMID: 37695207 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions of alkynes and imines are attractive methods for the synthesis of chiral allylic amines. Mechanistically, these reactions involve oxidative cyclization of the alkyne and the imine to generate a metallacyclic intermediate, which then reacts with H2 or a H2 surrogate to form the product. As an alternative to this hydrogenolysis pathway, here we show that transmetalation to zinc can occur, forming a zinc metallacycle product. This organozinc product serves as a versatile nucleophile for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions. Mechanistic studies based on isotopic labeling experiments and DFT calculations suggest that the key transmetalation step occurs between a Co(II) species and ZnCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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5
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Inoue K, Mori A, Okano K. Formal Halogen Transfer of Bromoarenes via Stepwise Reactions. Org Lett 2023; 25:6693-6698. [PMID: 37646376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-step halogen transfer of bromoarenes is reported. Mono-, di-, and tribromoaryllithiums generated through deprotonative lithiation were converted into organozinc species by in situ zincation, which were then subjected to bromination to provide the corresponding di-, tri-, and tetrabromoarenes, respectively, in 41-95% yields. Regioselective bromine-magnesium exchange with ethylmagnesium chloride followed by electrophilic trapping afforded benzene, pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and thiazole derivatives with the bromo group translocated from the original position in 28-86% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Ohsato H, Kawauchi K, Yamada S, Konno T. Diverse Synthetic Transformations Using 4-Bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene and Its Applications in the Preparation of CF 2 CF 2 -Containing Sugars, Liquid Crystals, and Light-Emitting Materials. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300080. [PMID: 37140105 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules with fluoroalkylene scaffolds, especially a tetrafluoroethylene (CF2 CF2 ) moiety, in their molecular structures exhibit unique biological activities, or can be applied to functional materials such as liquid crystals and light-emitting materials. Although several methods for the syntheses of CF2 CF2 -containing organic molecules have been reported to date, they have been limited to methods using explosives and fluorinating agents. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop simple and efficient approaches to synthesize CF2 CF2 -containing organic molecules from readily available fluorinated substrates using carbon-carbon bond formation reactions. This personal account summarizes the simple and efficient transformation of functional groups at both ends of 4-bromo-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene and discusses its synthetic applications to biologically active fluorinated sugars and functional materials, such as liquid crystals and light-emitting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Ohsato
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kawauchi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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Ni S, Yan J, Tewari S, Reijerse EJ, Ritter T, Cornella J. Nickel Meets Aryl Thianthrenium Salts: Ni(I)-Catalyzed Halogenation of Arenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9988-9993. [PMID: 37126771 PMCID: PMC10176483 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a regioselective, late-stage two-step arene halogenation method is reported. We propose how unusual Ni(I)/(III) catalysis is enabled by a combination of aryl thianthrenium and Ni redox properties that is hitherto unachieved with other (pseudo)halides. The catalyst is accessed in situ from inexpensive NiCl2·6(H2O) and zinc without the need of supporting ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Ni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Jiyao Yan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Srija Tewari
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Edward J Reijerse
- Max Planck Institut for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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8
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Boehm P, Kehl N, Morandi B. Rhodium-Catalyzed Anti-Markovnikov Transfer Hydroiodination of Terminal Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214071. [PMID: 36336665 PMCID: PMC10107805 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A rhodium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroiodination of aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes is reported. Depending on the choice of ligand and substrate, either (E)- or (Z)-configured alkenyl iodides are obtained in high to exclusive isomeric purity. The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance, employing easily accessible or commercially available aliphatic iodides as HI surrogates through a shuttle process. The synthesized vinyl iodides were applied in several C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions with full retention of the stereoselectivity. The developed method could be used to significantly shorten the total synthesis of a marine cis-fatty acid. Additionally, initial deuterium-labeling experiments and stoichiometric reactions shed some light on the potential reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Kehl
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Borys AM, Dell'Aera M, Capriati V, Hevia E. Structural and synthetic insights into the chemistry of lithium tetraorganozincates. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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10
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Rio J, Perrin L, Payard P. Structure–Reactivity Relationship of Organozinc and Organozincate Reagents: Key Elements towards Molecular Understanding. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rio
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Lionel Perrin
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Pierre‐Adrien Payard
- Univ Lyon Université Claude Bernard Lyon I CNRS INSA CPE UMR 5246 ICBMS Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires 1 rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
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11
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Xiang J, Patureau FW. Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling of Chloro‐ and Fluoroalkanes with Methylarenes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Xiang Xiang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Frederic W. Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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12
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Sunagatullina AS, Lutter FH, Knochel P. Preparation of Primary and Secondary Dialkylmagnesiums by a Radical I/Mg‐Exchange Reaction Using
s
Bu
2
Mg in Toluene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116625. [PMID: 35044040 PMCID: PMC9302629 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of primary or secondary alkyl iodides with sBu2Mg in toluene (25–40 °C, 2–4 h) provided dialkylmagnesiums that underwent various reactions with aldehydes, ketones, acid chlorides or allylic bromides. 3‐Substituted secondary cyclohexyl iodides led to all‐cis‐3‐cyclohexylmagnesium reagents under these exchange conditions in a highly stereoconvergent manner. Enantiomerically enriched 3‐silyloxy‐substituted secondary alkyl iodides gave after an exchange reaction with sBu2Mg stereodefined dialkylmagnesiums that after quenching with various electrophiles furnished various 1,3‐stereodefined products including homo‐aldol products (99 % dr and 98 % ee). Mechanistic studies confirmed a radical pathway for these new iodine/magnesium‐exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Ferdinand H. Lutter
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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Sunagatullina AS, Lutter FH, Knochel P. Herstellung von primären und sekundären Dialkylmagnesiumverbindungen durch eine radikalische I/Mg‐Austauschreaktion mit
s
Bu
2
Mg in Toluol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
| | - Ferdinand H. Lutter
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81 377 München Deutschland
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Taillemaud S, Charette AB. Spectroscopic Characterization of Heterohalogenic Dihalomethylzinc Carbenoids: Application to a More Efficient Chlorocyclopropanation Reaction. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Taillemaud
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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Inoue K, Feng Y, Mori A, Okano K. "Snapshot" Trapping of Multiple Transient Azolyllithiums in Batch. Chemistry 2021; 27:10267-10273. [PMID: 33960030 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in flow microreactor technology have allowed the use of transient organolithium compounds that cannot be realized in a batch reactor. However, trapping the transient aryllithiums in a "halogen dance" is still challenging. Herein is reported the trapping of such short-lived azolyllithiums in a batch reactor by developing a finely tuned in situ zincation using zinc halide diamine complexes. The reaction rate is controlled by the appropriate choice of diamine ligand. The reaction is operationally simple and can be performed at 0 °C with high reproducibility on a multigram scale. This method was applicable to a wide range of brominated azoles allowing deprotonative functionalization, which was used for the concise divergent syntheses of both constitutional isomers of biologically active azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuxuan Feng
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Braun
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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Bruña S, Kennedy AR, Fairley M, O'Hara CT. Facile Access to Hetero-poly-functional Arenes and meta-Substituted Arenes via Two-Step Dimetalation and Mg/Halogen-Exchange Protocol. Chemistry 2021; 27:4134-4140. [PMID: 33201552 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Grignard reagent, iPrMgCl and its lithium chloride-enhanced 'turbo' derivative iPrMgCl⋅LiCl have been employed to investigate the single iodo/magnesium exchange reactions of the trisubstituted arenes, 2,5-diiodo-N,N-diisopropylbenzamide 1, 1,4-diiodo-2-methoxybenzene 2, and 1,4-diiodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene 3. These three arenes themselves were initially prepared by a double ortho-, meta'-deprotonation of N,N-diisopropylbenzamide, anisole and (trifluoromethyl)benzene, respectively, using the sodium magnesiate reagent [Na4 Mg2 (TMP)6 (nBu)2 ] (where TMP is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide), and subsequent electrophilic quenching with iodine/THF solution. Thus, by following a combined deprotonation and magnesium/halogen exchange strategy, the simple monosubstituted arenes can be converted to trisubstituted diiodoarenes, which can ultimately be transformed into the corresponding mono-magnesiated arenes, in THF at -40 °C, within seconds in good yields. The other functional group (OMe, NiPr2 or CF3 respectively) present on the di-iodoarenes helps direct the exchange reaction to the ortho position, whereas subsequent addition of different electrophiles permits the preparation of hetero-poly-functional-arenes, with three different substituents in their structure. Intriguingly, if water is used as the electrophile, a new and facile route to prepare meta-substituted arenes, which cannot be easily obtained by conventional processes, is forthcoming. In contrast to directed ortho-metalation (DoM) chemistry, this reaction sequence can be thought of as InDirect meta-Metalation (IDmM). The scope of the chemistry has been tested further by exposing the initial unreacted iodo-functionality at the meta-position to a second Mg/I-exchange reaction and subsequent functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bruña
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Michael Fairley
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Charles T O'Hara
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
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18
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Mastropierro P, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Exploiting Deprotonative Co‐complexation to Access Potassium Metal(ates) Supported by a Bulky Silyl(bis)amide Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street G1 1XL Glasgow UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral Street G1 1XL Glasgow UK
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20
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One-Pot Synthesis of B-Aryl Carboranes with Sensitive Functional Groups Using Sequential Cobalt- and Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The simple and efficient method was developed for the one-pot synthesis of B-substituted aryl derivatives of ortho-carborane with functional groups sensitive to organolithium and organomagnesium reagents using 9-iodo-ortho-carborane and generated in situ organozinc compounds. The method proposed was used to prepare a series of 9-aryl-ortho-carboranes, including those containing nitrile and ester groups, 9-RC6H4-1,2-C2B10H11 (R = p-Me, p-NMe2, p-OCH2OMe, o-OMe, p-OMe, o-CN, p-CN, o-COOEt, m-COOEt, and p-COOEt). It was demonstrated that the same approach can be used for synthesis of diaryl derivatives of ortho-carborane 9,12-(RC6H4)2-1,2-C2B10H10 (R = H, p-Me). The solid-state structures of 9-RC6H4-1,2-C2B10H11 (R = p-NMe2, p-OCH2OMe, o-OMe, o-CN, p-CN, m-COOEt, and p-COOEt) and 9,12-(p-MeC6H4)2-1,2-C2B10H10 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Gil-Negrete JM, Hevia E. Main group bimetallic partnerships for cooperative catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1982-1992. [PMID: 34163960 PMCID: PMC8179316 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05116k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade s-block metal catalysis has undergone a transformation from being an esoteric curiosity to a well-established and consolidated field towards sustainable synthesis. Earth-abundant metals such as Ca, Mg, and Al have shown eye-opening catalytic performances in key catalytic processes such as hydrosilylation, hydroamination or alkene polymerization. In parallel to these studies, s-block mixed-metal reagents have also been attracting widespread interest from scientists. These bimetallic reagents effect many cornerstone organic transformations, often providing enhanced reactivities and better chemo- and regioselectivities than conventional monometallic reagents. Despite a significant number of synthetic advances to date, most efforts have focused primarily on stoichiometric transformations. Merging these two exciting areas of research, this Perspective Article provides an overview on the emerging concept of s/p-block cooperative catalysis. Showcasing recent contributions from several research groups across the world, the untapped potential that these systems can offer in catalytic transformations is discussed with special emphasis placed on how synergistic effects can operate and the special roles played by each metal in these transformations. Advancing the understanding of the ground rules of s-block cooperative catalysis, the application of these bimetalic systems in a critical selection of catalytic transformations encompassing hydroamination, cyclisation, hydroboration to C-C bond forming processes are presented as well as their uses in important polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Gil-Negrete
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern CH3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern CH3012 Bern Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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Mastropierro P, Livingstone Z, Robertson SD, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Structurally Mapping Alkyl and Amide Basicity in Zincate Chemistry: Diversity in the Synthesis of Mixed Sodium–Zinc Complexes and Their Applications in Enolate Formation. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoe Livingstone
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Robertson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, CH3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Abstract
For the preparation of zinc organometallics bearing highly sensitive functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes or nitro groups, especially mild halogen-zinc exchange reagents have proven to be of great potential. In this Minireview, the latest research in the area of the halogen-zinc exchange reaction is reported, with a special focus lying on novel dialkylzinc reagents complexed with lithium alkoxides. Additionally, the preparation and application of organofluorine zinc reagents and transition-metal-catalyzed halogen-zinc exchange reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department Chemie und PharmazieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie und PharmazieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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