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Harada K, Ono Y, Sekiya R, Haino T. Selective encapsulation of carboxylic acid dimers within a size-regulable resorcinarene-based hemicarcerand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6603-6606. [PMID: 38836696 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00699b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A cavity within a resorcinarene-based hemicarcerand was contracted and expanded through conformational changes induced by the complexation and decomplexation, allowing self-sorting of homo- and heterodimeric carboxylic acid pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Harada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Yudai Ono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
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2
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Krückel T, Schauerte S, Ke J, Schlottmann M, Bausch S, Chen X, Räuber C, Almeida Silva ID, Wiegand T, Albrecht M. 7Li NMR Spectroscopy: A Tool for Determining Dimerization Constants and Averaged Dimerization Constants of the Monomer/Dimer Equilibrium of Hierarchical Helicates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400387. [PMID: 38451207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an ideal tool to study hierarchically assembled helicates of the form Li[Li3L6Ti2]. Internally bound and external lithium ions can be well distinguished by solution- or solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dimerization constants of the monomer/dimer equilibrium can be easily determined in solution. Averaged dimerization constants can be estimated in case of statistical mixtures of helicates formed from mixtures of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krückel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schauerte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jinbo Ke
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcel Schlottmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Bausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Räuber
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max-Planck Institut für chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, D-45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Harada K, Sekiya R, Haino T. Molecular Recognition Process in Resorcinarene-based Coordination Capsules. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302581. [PMID: 37707311 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cu and Ag capsules can take up various organic molecules. Their molecular recognition possibly involves partial dissociation and slippage. We investigated molecular recognition processes in the Cu and Ag capsules by CD and 1 H NMR spectroscopy and employed 4,4'-diacetoxy biphenyl carrying two benzothiadiazole groups as a probe. CD and 1 H NMR measurements reveal that the host-guest complexation proceeds under second-order reactions and that these capsules undergo the partial dissociation to take up the probe in [D1 ]chloroform and [D8 ]THF. The slippage also contributes to host-guest complexation for a Cu capsule that carries p-methoxyphenyl groups on the 2,2'-bipyridiyl arms. DFT calculations suggest that π/π stacking interactions between the electron-rich p-methoxyphenyl group and the electron-poor 2,2'-bipyridyl arm elongate the capsule, allowing the guest to access the cavity without the partial dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Harada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
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4
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Albrecht M. The Monomer-Dimer Equilibrium of Triscatechol Titanium(IV)-Based Hierarchical Helicates as a Tool for the Development of Molecular Balances and Molecular Switches. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3271-3281. [PMID: 37955356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusHierarchical helicates are formed by noncovalent connection of two or more monomeric metal complex units, e.g., by bridging metal cations. A unique kind of hierarchical helicate is obtained from 3-carbonyl substituted catechol ligands with titanium(IV) ions in the presence of lithium cations. This kind of supramolecular complex shows in solution a "monomer-dimer" equilibrium. There are different possibilities (solvent, countercation, substituents at carbonyl unit, etc.) to shift this equilibrium to either the monomer or the dimer side. Thus, the lithium-bridged catecholate-based hierarchical helicates resemble a molecular switch. In this Account, different aspects are discussed of how this unique behavior of the dimeric titanium catecholates can be used for application.Thorough investigation of the energetics of the monomer-dimer equilibrium leads to a deeper understanding of the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of the dimerization (or dissociation) process. In this context, even weak interaction of substituents in the periphery of the complexes can be observed. Hereby on the one hand, solvent effects have an important influence and can be easily evaluated. The thorough understanding of the behavior of the monomer-dimer equilibrium allows one to develop some novel applications. In this respect, the use of the hierarchical helicate-based switch as a platform for reaction control and catalysis is described. Decent enantioselectivities up to ee = 58% can be found in Diels-Alder reactions in the periphery of the dimers, while switching to the monomer as a reaction platform still allows the cycloaddition reaction but turns the selectivity off. Additionally, it is described that catalytically important units can be introduced and hydrogenation reactions as well as Michael-type reactions are catalyzed at the helicates.Covalent connection of two catechol ester units leads to classical helicates. Depending on the alkaline metal cation, those can be switched from a compressed to an expanded form or vice versa. Hereby the monomer-dimer equilibrium is transformed into a structural switch. The switching process can be initiated by removal or addition of lithium cations (e.g., by addition of [2.1.1]cryptand). Alternative switching possibilities are based in the case of glycol bridged helicates on cation translocation isomerism and with thioester derivatives it occurs spontaneously in DMSO. Introduction of chiral tethers results in a three state switch allowing expansion/compression as well as switching of the helicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Ziganshina AY, Mansurova EE, Antipin IS. Colloids Based on Calixresorcins for the Adsorption, Conversion, and Delivery of Bioactive Substances. COLLOID JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x22700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Harada K, Sekiya R, Haino T. Chirality Induction on a Coordination Capsule for Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209340. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Harada
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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7
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Harada K, Sekiya R, Haino T. Chirality Induction on a Coordination Capsule for Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Harada
- Hiroshima Daigaku - Higashihiroshima Campus: Hiroshima Daigaku chemistry 1-3-1 Kagamiyama 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima JAPAN
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Hiroshima Daigaku - Higashihiroshima Campus: Hiroshima Daigaku Chemistry 1-3-1 Kagamiayam 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima JAPAN
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Hiroshima Daigaku - Higashihiroshima Campus: Hiroshima Daigaku Department of Chemistry 1-3-1 Kagamiyama 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima JAPAN
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8
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Hamashima K, Yuasa J. Entropy Versus Enthalpy Controlled Temperature/Redox Dual‐Triggered Cages for Selective Anion Encapsulation and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Hamashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science 1–3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science 1–3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
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Hamashima K, Yuasa J. Entropy Versus Enthalpy Controlled Temperature/Redox Dual-Triggered Cages for Selective Anion Encapsulation and Release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113914. [PMID: 34796586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New C3 -symmetric imidazole ligands were designed with phosphine and phosphine oxide linkers (LP and LPO , respectively) to demonstrate a dual-triggered dynamic closed coordination cage. Both LP and LPO form discrete Zn4 L4 -closed cages (1P and 1PO , respectively) with excellent selectively for BPh4 - , whereas 1P and 1PO encapsulate neither a slightly larger size anion [B(C6 H4 CH3 )4 - ] nor smaller size anions (BF4 - , PF6 - , SbF6 - , and OSO2 CF3 - ). 1PO exhibits more negative enthalpy and entropy changes upon anion encapsulation, thus releasing almost all of the encapsulated anions at high temperature (343 K) (trigger 1: BPh4 - ⊂1PO ← → 1PO +BPh4 - ). In contrast 1P has less negative enthalpy and entropy changes, thus preserving the captured anion over a wide range of temperatures (298 K to 343 K). The 1P cage can be quantitatively oxidized to the 1PO cage by a mild oxidant (Ox.=H2 O2 ), and therefore the captured anion can be released by a redox triggering event (trigger 2: BPh4 - ⊂1P +Ox.→1PO +BPh4 - ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Hamashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Junpei Yuasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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Haino T, Sekiya R, Harada K, Nitta N. Resorcinarene-Based Supramolecular Capsules: Supramolecular Functions and Applications. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1679-8141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA resorcinarene is a synthetic macrocycle consisting of four resorcinol molecules covalently linked by methylene bridges. The interannular bridges produce a cavitand that has a bowl-shaped structure. We have developed supramolecular capsules through Ag(I) or Cu(I) coordination-driven self-assembly of cavitands possessing 2,2′-bipyridyl arms in their upper rims. The self-assembled capsules accommodate various molecular guests and supramolecular assemblies possessing acetoxy groups. The host–guest chemistry of the molecular capsules has been applied in the fabrication of supramolecular polymers. This account describes recent developments in the supramolecular chemistry of resorcinarene-based coordination capsules and provides a brief history of resorcinarene-based capsules and related capsules.
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11
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Mevissen C, Sommer D, Vasanthakumar S, Truong KN, Rissanen K, Albrecht M. Cation-translocation based isomerism offers a tool for the expansion of compressed helicates. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9372-9375. [PMID: 34124723 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of compressed M[Li313Ti2] (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and expanded helicates M4[13Ti2] has been obtained. The helicates Li3[M13Ti2] or M4[13Ti2] with M = Na+, K+, Rb+, or Cs+ adopt the expanded structure in solution. By crystallization the compressed structures M[Li313Ti2] (M = Na, Rb) are obtained. This represents an example of cation-translocation based isomerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mevissen
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - David Sommer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabarina Vasanthakumar
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Harada K, Sekiya R, Haino T. Folding and Unfolding of Acetoxy Group-Terminated Alkyl Chains Inside a Size-Regulable Hemicarcerand. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4440-4447. [PMID: 33541083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A resorcinarene-based hemicarcerand, which consists of two cavitands covalently linked to each other by four alkyl chains, allows structural expansion and contraction by demetalation and metalation of Cu(I) cations with a size change of approximately 12 Å. This metal-mediated switching of the two states regulates the conformations of acetoxy group-terminated alkyl chains. A guest binding study reveals the encapsulation of heptyl to undecyl chains in metal-free and Cu(I)-coordinated capsules. The chemical shifts of the acetoxy groups of the bound guests are the same in the metal-free capsule, while those in the Cu(I)-coordinated one differ from each other. This indicates that the metal-free capsule regulates its size to the bound guests, while the bound guests adopt their conformations to the cavity of the Cu(I)-coordinated capsules. 1H NMR measurements and molecular mechanics calculations suggest that the bound guests have extended conformations in the metal-free capsule, while the Cu(I)-coordinated capsule forces the bound guests to adopt folded conformations. The presence of folded conformations is supported by the conformational study with structurally similar capsules and a nonsymmetric guest, allowing us to observe nuclear Overhauser effects stemming from the folded conformations of the guest in the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Harada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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13
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Morita H, Akine S, Nakamura T, Nabeshima T. Exclusive formation of a meridional complex of a tripodand and perfect suppression of guest recognition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2124-2127. [PMID: 33538748 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tripodal ligands have been utilized for complexation-induced structural change, but all the tripodal complexes reported so far are facial isomers, which do not completely reduce the recognition ability by closing the binding pocket. We now report the first example of the selective synthesis of a meridional tripodal complex. The tripodal ligand with a 1,3,5-triethyl-2,4,6-tris(methylene)benzene pivot possessing 2,2'-bipyridine on each arm exclusively formed a mononuclear complex with the mer-[Fe(bpy)]2+ unit. The meridional tripodal complex has a unique structure in which one bipyridine unit is self-penetrated. As a result of cavity blockage, the ion recognition property of the tripodand has been successfully suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Morita
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Danielsiek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Gerald Dyker
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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16
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Mevissen C, Kwamen ACN, Himmel L, Chen X, Brückner M, Huda S, Göb C, Jenniches J, Oppel I, Ward JS, Rissanen K, Albrecht M. Helicates with Ether‐Substituted Catechol Esters as Ligands. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mevissen
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - A. Carel N. Kwamen
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Leonard Himmel
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Matthias Brückner
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Saskia Huda
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christian Göb
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Judith Jenniches
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Iris Oppel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jas S. Ward
- Department of Chemistry University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Markus Albrecht
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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