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Shah SJ, Singh A, Goswami D, Ishida M, Rath SP. Reversible open-closed conformational switching of nano-size metalloporphyrin dimers triggered by light and temperature. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6758-6765. [PMID: 38533553 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00223g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The current work demonstrates the reversible control of substantial molecular motion in 'nano-sized' molecules, where two structural isomers can 'open' and 'close' their cavities in response to light or heat. The isomers differ widely in their photophysical properties, including colour, polarity, two-photon absorption and π-conjugation, and can easily be separated through column chromatography and thus have wide applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jehanger Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Ajitesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Debabrata Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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2
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Sanfui S, Roychowdhury A, Usman M, Garribba E, Gómez-García CJ, Rath SP. Metal vs Ligand Oxidation: Coexistence of Both Metal-Centered and Ligand-Centered Oxidized Species. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5423-5431. [PMID: 38483819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
A series of two-electron-oxidized cobalt porphyrin dimers have been synthesized upon controlled oxidations using halogens. Rather unexpectedly, X-ray structures of two of these complexes contain two structurally different low-spin molecules in the same asymmetric unit of their unit cells: one is the metal-centered oxidized diamagnetic entity of the type CoIII(por), while the other one is the ligand-centered oxidized paramagnetic entity of the type CoII(por•+). Spectroscopic, magnetic, and DFT investigations confirmed the coexistence of the two very different electronic structures both in the solid and solution phases and also revealed a ferromagnetic spin coupling between Co(II) and porphyrin π-cation radicals and a weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the π-cation radicals of two macrocycles via the bridge in the paramagnetic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnali Sanfui
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Arya Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Viale San Pietro, Università di Sassari, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjasot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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3
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Shah SJ, Pandit YA, Garribba E, Ishida M, Rath SP. Stable Dication Diradicals of Triply Fused Metallo Chlorin-Porphyrin Heterodimers: Impact of the Bridge on the Control of Spin Coupling to Reactivity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301963. [PMID: 37602834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
We report an unexpected rearrangement, controlled by the nature of the bridge, leading to the formation of novel, remarkably stable triply fused dinickel(II)/dicopper(II) chlorin-porphyrin dication diradical heterodimers in excellent yields. Here, a dipyrromethene bridge gets completely fused between two porphyrin macrocycles with two new C-C and one C-N bonds. The two macrocycles exhibit extensive π-conjugation through the bridge, which results in an antiferromagnetic coupling between the two π-cation radicals. In addition, the macrocyclic distortion also favours a rare intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction between the CuII and π-cation radical spins to form a triplet state. The structural and electronic perturbation in the unconjugated dication diradical possibly enables the bridging pyrrolic nitrogen to undergo a nucleophilic attack at the nearby β-carbon of the porphyrin π-cation radical with a computed free energy barrier of >20 kcal mol-1 which was supplied in the form of reflux condition to initiate such a rearrangement process. UV-vis, EPR and ESI-MS spectroscopies were used to monitor the rearrangement process in situ in order to identify the key reactive intermediates leading to such an unusual transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jehanger Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Younis Ahmad Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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4
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Tomat E, Curtis CJ, Astashkin AV, Conradie J, Ghosh A. Multicenter interactions and ligand field effects in platinum(II) tripyrrindione radicals. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6559-6568. [PMID: 37185585 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00894k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The tripyrrin-1,14-dione biopyrrin, which shares the scaffold of several naturally occurring heme metabolites, is a redox-active platform for metal coordination. We report the synthesis of square planar platinum(II) tripyrrindiones, in which the biopyrrin binds as a tridentate radical and the fourth coordination position is occupied by either aqua or tert-butyl isocyanide ligands. These complexes are stable through chromatographic purification and exposure to air. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data and density functional theory (DFT) analysis confirm that the spin density is located predominantly on the tripyrrindione ligand. Pancake bonding in solution between the Pt(II) tripyrrindione radicals leads to the formation of diamagnetic π dimers at low temperatures. The identity of the monodentate ligand (i.e., aqua vs. isocyanide) affects both the thermodynamic parameters of dimerization and the tripyrrindione-based redox processes in these complexes. Isolation and structural characterization of the oxidized complexes revealed stacking of the diamagnetic tripyrrindiones in the solid state as well as a metallophilic Pt(II)-Pt(II) contact in the case of the aqua complex. Overall, the properties of Pt(II) tripyrrindiones, including redox potentials and intermolecular interactions in solution and in the solid state, are modulated through easily accessible changes in the redox state of the biopyrrin ligand or the nature of the monodentate ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Clayton J Curtis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Andrei V Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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5
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Sanfui S, Chakraborty P, Garribba E, Rath SP. Diheme cytochromes: Effect of mixed-axial ligation on the electronic structure and electrochemical properties with cobalt porphyrin dimer. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112109. [PMID: 36592509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of six-coordinate diCo(III) porphyrin dimers, as synthetic analogues of diheme cytochromes, have been reported here having bis(imidazole), bis(pyridine) and mixed thiophenolate-pyridine/imidazole axial ligands. In the X-ray structures of bis(imidazole) and bis(pyridine) complexes, the axial ligands are in perpendicular orientation while they are parallelly oriented in their monomeric analog. The porphyrin rings are also highly ruffle-distorted in dimer but planar in monomer which reflect the effect of intramolecular interaction between two Co(porphyrin) units in dimers. In the X-ray structure of diCo(III) thiophenolate-pyridine mixed-ligated complex, the axial Co-S and Co-N(py) distances are 2.256(1) and 2.063(2) Å, respectively. The Co-N(py) distance of 2.063(2) Å is much longer than the distances of 1.961(3) and 1.972(3) Å observed in bis(pyridine) complex and the Co-S distance is larger than Co-N(py) in the mixed ligated complex which results in a displacement of Co by 0.15 Å towards the pyridine ligand from the mean porphyrin plane. Indeed, this is the first X-ray structure of a metalloporphyrin with mixed thiophenolate-pyridine axial ligands. The effect of mixed-axial ligation is demonstrated by a blue-shift of the Soret band in the UV-visible spectroscopy and also a positive shift of the Co(III)/Co(II) redox couple as compared to their bis(pyridine) analogue. The redox potentials are shifted to a large negative value just upon replacing the metal from iron to cobalt. The present investigation emphasizes the role of axial ligation, metal ions, and also the effect of heme-heme interaction in controlling the spectral and electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnali Sanfui
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Paulami Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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6
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Sanfui S, Usman M, Sarkar S, Pramanik S, Garribba E, Rath SP. Highly Oxidized Cobalt Porphyrin Dimer: Control of Spin Coupling via a Bridge. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8419-8430. [PMID: 35613476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt porphyrin dimer is constructed in which two Co(II)porphyrins are connected covalently through a redox-active diethylpyrrole moiety via a flexible but "nonconjugated" methylene bridge. Upon oxidation with even a mild oxidant such as iodine, each cobalt(II) center and porphyrin ring undergo 1e- oxidation, leading to the formation of a 4e--oxidized cobalt(III)porphyrin dication diradical complex. Other oxidants such as Cl2 and Br2 also produce similar results. To stabilize such highly oxidized dication diradicals, the "nonconjugated" methylene spacer undergoes a facile and spontaneous oxidation to form a methine group with a drastic structural change, thereby making the bridge fully π-conjugated and enabling through-bond communication. This results in a strong spin coupling between two π-cation radicals which stabilizes the singlet state. The experimental observations are also strongly supported by extensive density functional theory calculations. The present study highlights the crucial role played by the nature of the bridge in the long-range electronic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnali Sanfui
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Subhadip Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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7
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Pandit YA, Shah SJ, Usman M, Sarkar S, Garribba E, Rath SP. Long-Range Intramolecular Spin Coupling through a Redox-Active Bridge upon Stepwise Oxidations: Control and Effect of Metal Ions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5270-5282. [PMID: 35323011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dinickel(II) and dicopper(II) porphyrin dimers have been constructed in which two metalloporphyrin units are widely separated by a long unconjugated dipyrrole bridge. Two macrocycles are aligned somewhat orthogonally to each other, while oxidation of the bridge generates a fully π-conjugated butterfly-like structure, which, in turn, upon stepwise oxidations by stronger oxidants result in the formation of the corresponding one- and two-electron-oxidized species exhibiting unusual long-range charge/radical delocalization to produce intense absorptions in the near-infrared (NIR) region and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals of a triplet state due to interaction between the unpaired spins on the Cu(II) ions. Although the two metal centers have a large physical separation through the bridge (more than 16 Å), they share electrons efficiently between them, behaving as a single unit rather than two independent centers. Detailed UV-vis-NIR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, IR, variable-temperature magnetic study, and EPR spectroscopic investigations along with X-ray structure determination of unconjugated, conjugated, and one electron-oxidized complexes have been exploited to demonstrate the long-range electronic communication through the bridge. The experimental observations are also supported by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations. The present study highlights the crucial roles played by a redox-active bridge and metal in controlling the long-range electronic communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younis Ahmad Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Syed Jehanger Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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8
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Tomat E, Curtis CJ. Biopyrrin Pigments: From Heme Metabolites to Redox-Active Ligands and Luminescent Radicals. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4584-4594. [PMID: 34870973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active ligands in coordination chemistry not only modulate the reactivity of the bound metal center but also serve as electron reservoirs to store redox equivalents. Among many applications in contemporary chemistry, the scope of redox-active ligands in biology is exemplified by the porphyrin radicals in the catalytic cycles of multiple heme enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450, catalase) and the chlorophyll radicals in photosynthetic systems. This Account reviews the discovery of two redox-active ligands inspired by oligopyrrolic fragments found in biological settings as products of heme metabolism.Linear oligopyrroles, in which pyrrole heterocycles are linked by methylene or methine bridges, are ubiquitous in nature as part of the complex, multistep biosynthesis and degradation of hemes and chlorophylls. Bile pigments, such as biliverdin and bilirubin, are common and well-studied tetrapyrroles with characteristic pyrrolin-2-one rings at both terminal positions. The coordination chemistry of these open-chain pigments is less developed than that of porphyrins and other macrocyclic oligopyrroles; nevertheless, complexes of biliverdin and its synthetic analogs have been reported, along with fluorescent zinc complexes of phytobilins employed as bioanalytical tools. Notably, linear conjugated tetrapyrroles inherit from porphyrins the ability to stabilize unpaired electrons within their π system. The isolated complexes, however, present helical structures and generally limited stability.Smaller biopyrrins, which feature three or two pyrrole rings and the characteristic oxidized termini, have been known for several decades following their initial isolation as urinary pigments and heme metabolites. Although their coordination chemistry has remained largely unexplored, these compounds are structurally similar to the well-established tripyrrin and dipyrrin ligands employed in a broad variety of metal complexes. In this context, our study of the coordination chemistry of tripyrrin-1,14-dione and dipyrrin-1,9-dione was motivated by the potential to retain on these compact, versatile platforms the reversible ligand-based redox chemistry of larger tetrapyrrolic systems.The tripyrrindione ligand coordinates several divalent transition metals (i.e., Pd(II), Ni(II) Cu(II), Zn(II)) to form neutral complexes in which an unpaired electron is delocalized over the conjugated π system. These compounds, which are stable at room temperature and exposed to air, undergo reversible one-electron processes to access different redox states of the ligand system without affecting the oxidation state and coordination geometry of the metal center. We also characterized ligand-based radicals on the dipyrrindione platform in both homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes. In addition, this study documented noncovalent interactions (e.g., interligand hydrogen bonds with the pyrrolinone carbonyls, π-stacking of ligand-centered radicals) as important aspects of this coordination chemistry. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the zinc-bound tripyrrindione radical and the redox-switchable emission of a dipyrrindione BODIPY-type fluorophore showcased the potential interplay of redox chemistry and luminescence in these compounds. Supported by computational analyses, the portfolio of properties revealed by this investigation takes the tripyrrindione and dipyrrindione motifs of heme metabolites to the field of redox-active ligands, where they are positioned to offer new opportunities for catalysis, sensing, supramolecular systems, and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
| | - Clayton J. Curtis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, United States
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Singh AK, Usman M, Sarkar S, Sciortino G, Kumar D, Garribba E, Rath SP. Ferromagnetic Coupling in Oxidovanadium(IV)-Porphyrin Radical Dimers. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16492-16506. [PMID: 34664950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three different oxidovanadium(IV) porphyrin dimers with anti, cis, and trans arrangements of the two rings have been synthesized by changing the bridge between the porphyrin macrocycles. This provides a unique opportunity to investigate the role of the bridge and spatial arrangement between the two VIVO centers for their electronic communication and magnetic coupling. They were characterized by the combined application of XRD analysis, UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, magnetic susceptibility, and DFT calculations. One- and two-electron oxidations produce mono- and dication diradical species, respectively, which display an unusual ferromagnetic interaction between the unpaired spins of vanadium(IV) and porphyrin π-cation radical, in contrast to other metalloporphyrin dimers. The oxidized species show a dissimilar behavior between cis and trans isomers. The ferromagnetic coupling occurs between the porphyrin π-cation radical and the unpaired electron of the VIVO ion on the dxy orbital, orthogonal to the porphyrin-based molecular orbitals a1u and a2u.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy.,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, School for Physical and Decision Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Eugenio Garribba
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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10
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Khan FST, Samanta D, Chandel D, Shah SJ, Rath SP. Heme-Heme Interactions in Diheme Cytochromes: Effect of Mixed-Axial Ligation on the Electronic Structure and Electrochemical Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12870-12882. [PMID: 34370470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diheme cytochromes, the simplest members in the multiheme family, play substantial biochemical roles in enzymatic catalysis as well as in electron transfer. A series of diiron(III) porphyrin dimers have been synthesized as active site analogues of diheme cytochromes. The complexes contain six-coordinated iron(III) having thiophenol and imidazole at the fifth and sixth coordination sites, respectively. The iron centers in the complexes have been found to be in a low-spin state, as confirmed through solid-state Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic investigations. Mössbauer quadrupole splitting of complexes having mixed ligands is substantially larger than that observed when both axial ligands are the same. Rhombic types of EPR spectra with narrow separation between gx, gy, and gz clearly distinguish heme thiolate coordination compared to bis(imidazole)-ligated low-spin heme centers. The redox potential in diheme cytochromes has been found to be tuned by interheme interactions along with the nature of axial ligands. The effect of mixed-axial ligation within the diiron(III) porphyrin dimers is demonstrated by a positive shift in the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple upon thiophenolate coordination compared to their bis(imidazole) analogues. The pKa of the imidazole also decides the extent of the shift for the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple, while the potential of the mixed-ligated diiron(III) porphyrin dimer is more positive compared to their monomeric analogue. A variation of around 1.1 V for the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox potential in the diiron(III) porphyrin dimer can be achieved with the combined effect of axial ligation and a metal spin state, while such a large variation in the redox potential, compared to their monomeric analogues, is attributed to the heme-heme interactions observed in dihemes. Moreover, theoretical calculations also support the experimental shifts in the redox potential values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepannita Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dolly Chandel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Syed Jehanger Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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11
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Kumar A, Usman M, Samanta D, Rath SP. Through Bridge Spin Coupling in Homo- and Heterobimetallic Porphyrin Dimers upon Stepwise Oxidations: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigation. Chemistry 2021; 27:11428-11441. [PMID: 34061401 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have described copper(II)-iron(III) and copper(II)-manganese(III) heterobimetallic porphyrin dimers and compared them with the corresponding homobimetallic analogs. UV-visible spectra are very distinct in the heterometallic species while electrochemical studies demonstrate that these species, as compared to the homobimetallic analog, are much easier to oxidize. Combined Mössbauer, EPR, NMR, magnetic and UV-visible spectroscopic studies show that upon 2e-oxidation of the heterobimetallic complexes only ring-centered oxidation occurs. The energy differences between HOMO and LUMO are linearly dependent with the low-energy NIR band obtained for the 2e-oxidized complexes. Also, strong electronic communication between two porphyrin rings through the bridge facilitates coupling between various unpaired spins present while the coupling model depends on the nature of metal ions used. While unpaired spins of Fe(III) and the porphyrin π-cation radical are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled, such coupling is rather weak between Mn(III) and a porphyrin π-cation radical. Moreover, the coupling between two π-cation radicals are much stronger in the 2e-oxidized complexes of dimanganese(III) and copper(II)-manganese(III) porphyrin dimers as compared to their diiron(III) and copper(II)-iron(III) analogs. Furthermore, coupling between the unpaired spins of a π-cation radical and copper(II) is much stronger in the 2e-oxidized complex of copper(II)-iron(III) porphyrin dimer as compared to its copper(II)-manganese(III) analog. The Mulliken spin density distributions in 2e-oxidized homo- and heterobimetallic complexes show symmetric and asymmetric spread between the two macrocycles, respectively. In both the 2e-oxidized heterobimetallic complexes, the Cu(II) porphyrin center acts as a charge donor while Fe(III)/Mn(III) porphyrin center act as a charge acceptor. The experimental observations are also strongly supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Deepannita Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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12
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Dhamija A, Mondal P, Saha B, Rath SP. Induction, control, and rationalization of supramolecular chirogenesis using metalloporphyrin tweezers: a structure-function correlation. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:10679-10700. [PMID: 32672295 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01874k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chirogenesis is one of the most rudimentary topics in the interdisciplinary sciences and essentially deals with various natural processes and innovative modern technologies. A comprehensive and rigorous understanding of such phenomenon is necessary to have a clear insight into the fundamental mechanisms and the various controlling factors, which would eventually lead to a range of practical applications of chiral supramolecular science. Metalloporphyrin tweezers have been extensively employed for such chirogenic processes due to their exciting physicochemical and tunable spectral properties, large stabilities, easily available synthetic protocols, and excellent abilities to form molecular assemblies. During the last few decades, various metalloporphyrin tweezers have been developed and considerably utilized by several research groups for assigning the absolute configuration to a variety of chiral diamines, conjugates of primary and secondary amines, amino alcohols, secondary alcohols, α-chiral carboxylic acids, etc. Our group has been at the forefront in trying to establish the structure-property correlation in this important area of interdisciplinary research. A brief account of our systematic investigation for understanding the underpinning mechanism of chirality induction and control at the molecular level over the last few years is presented in this Perspective article. The comprehensive understanding of such mechanistic details will be helpful in understanding various natural processes and designing modern technologies for various chirogenic functions in the fields of molecular sensors, nanotechnology, and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Dhamija
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Bapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
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13
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Peña Q, Sciortino G, Maréchal JD, Bertaina S, Simaan AJ, Lorenzo J, Capdevila M, Bayón P, Iranzo O, Palacios Ò. Copper(II) N, N, O-Chelating Complexes as Potential Anticancer Agents. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2939-2952. [PMID: 33596377 PMCID: PMC8483446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Three
novel dinuclear Cu(II) complexes based on a N,N,O-chelating salphen-like ligand
scaffold and bearing varying aromatic substituents (−H, −Cl,
and −Br) have been synthesized and characterized. The experimental
and computational data obtained suggest that all three complexes exist
in the dimeric form in the solid state and adopt the same conformation.
The mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance results
indicate that the dimeric structure coexists with the monomeric form
in solution upon solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide and water) coordination.
The three synthesized Cu(II) complexes exhibit high potentiality as
ROS generators, with the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potential inside the biological
redox window, and thus being able to biologically undergo Cu(II)/Cu(I)
redox cycling. The formation of ROS is one of the most promising reported
cell death mechanisms for metal complexes to offer an inherent selectivity
to cancer cells. In vitro cytotoxic studies in two different cancer
cell lines (HeLa and MCF7) and in a normal fibroblast cell line show
promising selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells (IC50 about 25 μM in HeLa cells, which is in the range of cisplatin
and improved with respect to carboplatin), hence placing this N,N,O-chelating salphen-like
metallic core as a promising scaffold to be explored in the design
of future tailor-made Cu(II) cytotoxic compounds. Three novel dinuclear Cu(II) complexes
based on a N,N,O-chelating salphen-like
ligand scaffold and bearing varying aromatic substituents (−H,
−Cl, and −Br) have been synthesized and characterized.
They three exhibit high potentiality as reactive oxygen species (ROS)
generators, with the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potential inside the biological
redox window. In vitro studies in two different cancer cell lines
(HeLa and MCF7) and in a normal fibroblast cell line show promising
selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quim Peña
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Departamento de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Capdevila
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Bayón
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Iranzo
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Òscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Singh AK, Rath SP. Intermacrocyclic Interactions upon Stepwise Oxidations in a Monometallic Porphyrin Dimer: Ring versus Metal‐Center Oxidations and Effect of Counter Anions. Chemistry 2020; 26:14405-14418. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
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15
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Pandey AK, Usman M, Rath SP. Hg···Hg···Hg Interaction Stabilizes Unusual Trinuclear Double Sandwich Structure of Mercury(II) Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12988-12993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjani Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Mohammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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