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Yang YH, Chen YS, Chuang WT, Yang JS. Bifurcated Polymorphic Transition and Thermochromic Fluorescence of a Molecular Crystal Involving Three-Dimensional Supramolecular Gear Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8131-8141. [PMID: 38471139 PMCID: PMC10979455 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The ability of molecules to move and rearrange in the solid state accounts for the polymorphic transition and stimuli-responsive properties of molecular crystals. However, how the crystal structure determines the molecular motion ability remains poorly understood. Here, we report that a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular gear network in the green-emissive polymorph 1G of a dialkylamino-substituted anthracene-pentiptycene π-system (1) enables an unusual bifurcated polymorphic transition into a yellow-emissive polymorph (1Y) and a new green-emissive polymorph (1G*) via 3D correlated supramolecular rotation. The 90° forward correlated rotation causes the molecular conformation between the octyl and the anthracene units to change from syn to anti, the ladder-like supramolecular columns to constrict, and the gear network to disengage. This cooperative molecular motion is marked by the gradual formation of an intermediate state (1I) across the entire crystal from 170 to 230 °C, which then undergoes bifurcated (forward or backward rotation) and irreversible transitions to form polymorphs 1Y and 1G* at 230-235 °C. Notably, 1G* is similar to 1G but lacks gear engagement, preventing its transformation into 1Y. Nevertheless, 1G can be restored by grinding 1Y or 1G* or fuming with dichloromethane (DCM) vapor. This work illustrates the correlation between the crystal structure and solid-state molecular motion behavior and demonstrates how a 3D molecular gear system efficiently transmits thermal energy to drive the polymorphic transition and induce fluorochromism through significant conformational and packing changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30092, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Chen YS, Wang CH, Hu YH, Lu CYD, Yang JS. An Elastic Organic Crystal Enables Macroscopic Photoinduced Crystal Elongation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6024-6028. [PMID: 36840927 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Among the various types of photomechanical deformations of organic crystals, photoinduced elongation of millimeter-scale crystals has yet to be demonstrated. Here we report that the millimeter-sized crystalline rods of an anthracene-pentiptycene hybrid organic π-system (1) are highly elastic and able to elongate up to 21.6% or 0.40 mm without fragmentation upon undergoing [4 + 4] photodimerization reactions. Both the mechanical and photomechanical effects reveal a strong cohesion of the system, even at the interface of 1 and its photodimer 2 and under the conditions of randomized molecular packing, representing a new class of mechanically adaptive organic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi David Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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3
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Oda K, Nishiyama H, Nishida JI, Kawase T. 9,9-Bis[4-(N-aryl)phenyl]methylidene-xanthylidene Derivatives Displaying Mechano-, Crystallo-, and Thermochromism. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200360. [PMID: 36515279 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivatives bearing a xanthene moiety are of interest because they have novel optical properties. 9,9-Bis[4-(N,N-diphenylamino)phenyl] and 9,9-bis[4-(9-carbazolyl)-phenyl]methylidene-xanthylidenes 3 and 4 were synthesized using Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of 9,9-dibromomethylidene-xanthylidene with the corresponding boronic acids. Diphenylamino derivative 3 exhibits mechanochromism and mechanofluorochromism (MC and MFC) reflected in absorption and fluorescence color changes. In contrast, carbazolyl derivative 4 displays thermo- and crystallo-chromism in addition to MC and MFC in the solid state. Powder X-ray diffraction and single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis reveal that the solid state photophysical properties of these substances are governed by conformational changes rather by the creation of planar π-conjugation extended geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasane Oda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Nishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, 671-2280, Japan
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Tsai C, Cheng C, Ho Y, Hsu Y, Liu Y, Peng S, Yang J. Pseudopolymorphism of a luminescent anthracene‐pentiptycene π‐system: The persistent alkyl‐pentiptycene threading mode. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Ying Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chiao‐Min Cheng
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Chieh Ho
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Feng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shie‐Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jye‐Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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5
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Hsu YF, Wu TW, Kang YH, Wu CY, Liu YH, Peng SM, Kong KV, Yang JS. Porous Supramolecular Assembly of Pentiptycene-Containing Gold(I) Complexes: Persistent Excited-State Aurophilicity and Inclusion-Induced Emission Enhancement. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11981-11991. [PMID: 35838662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a porous supramolecular framework formed by a linear mononuclear Au(I) complex (1) via the tongue-and-groove-like joinery between the pentiptycene U-cavities (grooves) and the rod-shaped π-conjugated backbone and alkyl chains (tongues) with the assistance of C-H···π and aurophilic interactions. The framework contains distorted tetrahedral Au4 units, which undergo stepwise and persistent photoinduced Au(I)-Au(I) bond shortening (excited-state aurophilicity), leading to multicolored luminescence photochromism. The one-dimensional pore channels could accommodate different solvates and guests, and the guest inclusion-induced luminescence enhancement (up to 300%) and/or vapochromism are characterized. A correlation between the aurophilic bonding and the luminescence activity is uncovered by TDDFT calculations. Isostructural derivatives 2 and 3 corroborate both the robustness of the porous supramolecular assembly and the mechanisms of the stimulation-induced luminescence properties of 1. This work demonstrates the cooperation of aurophilicity and structural porosity and adaptability in achieving novel supramolecular photochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Feng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Kien Voon Kong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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6
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Katayama K, Matsuura Y, Kitamura C, Nishida JI, Kawase T. 2‐Aryl‐1H‐benz[de]isoquinolinium ions: Cationic Dyes Displaying Mechanochromism and Crystallochromism. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Katayama
- University of Hyogo: Hyogo Kenritsu Daigaku Graduate School of Engineering 2167Shosha 671-2280 Himeji JAPAN
| | - Yuuka Matsuura
- University of Hyogo: Hyogo Kenritsu Daigaku Graduate School of Engineering 2167Shosha 671-2280 Himeji JAPAN
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- The University of Shiga Prefecture: Shiga Kenritsu Daigaku School of Engineering 2500Hassaka-cho 522-8533 Hikone JAPAN
| | - Jun-ichi Nishida
- University of Hyogo: Hyogo Kenritsu Daigaku Graduate School of Engineering 2167Shosha 671-2280 Himeji JAPAN
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Hyogo University Materials Science and Chemistry Shosha 2167 671-2201 Himeji JAPAN
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Honda A, Hibi Y, Matsumoto K, Kawai M, Miyamura K. Alkyl substituent-dependent systematic change in cold crystallization of azo molecules. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7229-7236. [PMID: 35424674 PMCID: PMC8982276 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00942k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal behavior of alkyl-derivatized 1-(2,4-dimethylphenylazo)-4-naphthol and 1-(2,4-dimethylphenylazo)-2-naphthol (2,4-DM-4-Cn and 2,4-DM-2-Cn, respectively) was investigated. The change in the position of the alkyl substituent led to a variation in the thermal behavior, including the cold crystallization, which is a heat-storing phenomenon. In addition, a comprehensive study of the alkyl chain length revealed that 2,4-DM-4-Cn had better crystallinity and exhibited cold crystallization with short alkyl chains. The π–π, C–H⋯N, and C–H⋯π interactions stabilized the crystal structure of 2,4-DM-4-Cn. On the other hand, the polymorphism of 2,4-DM-2-Cn inhibited the formation of a uniform crystalline phase during cooling, which led to poor crystallinity. The only difference between the compounds, the position of the substituent, resulted in a clear variation in the cold crystallization and heat storage properties. The change in alkyl substitution position and alkyl chain length of azo molecules led to the variation in cold crystallization behavior.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yukie Hibi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuma Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Masato Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
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8
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Lien CY, Hsu YF, Liu YH, Peng SM, Shinmyozu T, Yang JS. Steric Engineering of Cyclometalated Pt(II) Complexes toward High-Contrast Monomer-Excimer-Based Mechanochromic and Vapochromic Luminescence. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11584-11594. [PMID: 32799471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ligands play a crucial role in the supramolecular photoluminescence properties of Pt(II) square-planar complexes. To improve the luminescence color responses of N∧C∧N cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes to external stimuli such as mechanical stress and chemical vapors, we have conducted a steric engineering of the previous systems 1a-1d [Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 4978-4989] by introducing two tert-butyl groups to the tridentate ligand to form complexes 2a-2c. Unlike the "too low" or "too high" steric hindrance of the NCNPt core in 1a-1d, the combined steric effects of the tert-butyl groups at one side and the pentiptycene group at the other side of the NCNPt core in 2b are "just right" for generating as-prepared powders with pure monomer (green) emission or pure excimer (red) emission, depending on the rate of precipitation from solutions. The synergistic steric effects are also beneficial to the solid-state luminescence quantum efficiency (30-36%). As a result of the differences in steric interactions and thus in the relative monomer vs excimer emission intensity, each complex of 2a-2c performs a two-step luminescence mechanochromism and vapochromism with different color patterns. This work provides an intriguing example of steric engineering of Pt(II) complexes toward highly emissive molecular solids with high-contrast mechanochromic and vapochromic luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Lien
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ying-Feng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Teruo Shinmyozu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Jye-Shane Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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