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Presel F, Kern CS, Boné TG, Schwarz F, Puschnig P, Ramsey MG, Sterrer M. Charge and adsorption height dependence of the self-metalation of porphyrins on ultrathin MgO(001) films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28540-28547. [PMID: 36411984 PMCID: PMC9710497 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally determined the adsorption structure, charge state, and metalation state of porphin, the fundamental building block of porphyrins, on ultrathin Ag(001)-supported MgO(001) films by scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission spectroscopy, supported by calculations based on density functional theory. By tuning the substrate work function to values below and above the critical work function for charging, we succeeded in the preparation of 2H-P monolayers which contain negatively charged and uncharged molecules. It is shown that the porphin molecules self-metalate at room temperature, forming the corresponding Mg-porphin, irrespective of their charge state. This is in contrast to self-metalation of tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP), which occurs on planar MgO(001) only if the molecules are negatively charged. The different reactivity is explained by the reduced molecule-substrate distance of the planar porphin molecule compared to the bulkier TPP. The results of this study shed light on the mechanism of porphyrin self-metalation on oxides and highlight the role of the adsorption geometry on the chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Presel
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christian S Kern
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas G Boné
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Florian Schwarz
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael G Ramsey
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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2
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Biliškov N. Infrared spectroscopic monitoring of solid-state processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19073-19120. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01458k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We put a spotlight on IR spectroscopic investigations in materials science by providing a critical insight into the state of the art, covering both fundamental aspects, examples of its utilisation, and current challenges and perspectives focusing on the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Biliškov
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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3
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Armillotta F, D'Incecco E, Corva M, Stredansky M, Gallet J, Bournel F, Goldoni A, Morgante A, Vesselli E, Verdini A. Self‐Metalation of Porphyrins at the Solid–Gas Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Armillotta
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Enrico D'Incecco
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Manuel Corva
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Matus Stredansky
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Jean‐Jacques Gallet
- Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR7614 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin—BP 4891192 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX France
| | - Fabrice Bournel
- Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR7614 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin—BP 4891192 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX France
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Alberto Morgante
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
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4
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Armillotta F, D'Incecco E, Corva M, Stredansky M, Gallet J, Bournel F, Goldoni A, Morgante A, Vesselli E, Verdini A. Self-Metalation of Porphyrins at the Solid-Gas Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25988-25993. [PMID: 34591358 PMCID: PMC9299001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-metalation is a promising route to include a single metal atom in a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle in organic frameworks supported by metal surfaces. The molecule-surface interaction may provide the charge transfer and the geometric distortion of the molecular plane necessary for metal inclusion. However, at a metal surface the presence of an activation barrier can represent an obstacle that cannot be compensated by a higher substrate temperature without affecting the layer integrity. The formation of the intermediate state can be facilitated in some cases by oxygen pre-adsorption at the supporting metal surface, like in the case of 2H-TPP/Pd(100). In such cases, the activation barrier can be overcome by mild annealing, yielding the formation of desorbing products and of the metalated tetrapyrrole. We show here that the self-metalation of 2H-TPP at the Pd(100) surface can be promoted already at room temperature by the presence of an oxygen gas phase at close-to-ambient conditions via an Eley-Rideal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Armillotta
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of Triestevia Valerio 234127TriesteItaly
- CNR-IOM, Area Science ParkS.S. 14 km 163.534149 BasovizzaTriesteItaly
| | - Enrico D'Incecco
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of Triestevia Valerio 234127TriesteItaly
| | - Manuel Corva
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of Triestevia Valerio 234127TriesteItaly
- CNR-IOM, Area Science ParkS.S. 14 km 163.534149 BasovizzaTriesteItaly
| | - Matus Stredansky
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of Triestevia Valerio 234127TriesteItaly
- CNR-IOM, Area Science ParkS.S. 14 km 163.534149 BasovizzaTriesteItaly
| | - Jean‐Jacques Gallet
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRS UMR7614Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement4 place Jussieu75005ParisFrance
- Synchrotron SOLEILL'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin—BP4891192Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEXFrance
| | - Fabrice Bournel
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRS UMR7614Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement4 place Jussieu75005ParisFrance
- Synchrotron SOLEILL'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin—BP4891192Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEXFrance
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra Sincrotrone TriesteS.S. 14 km 163.534149 BasovizzaTriesteItaly
| | - Alberto Morgante
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of Triestevia Valerio 234127TriesteItaly
- CNR-IOM, Area Science ParkS.S. 14 km 163.534149 BasovizzaTriesteItaly
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Physics DepartmentUniversity of Triestevia Valerio 234127TriesteItaly
- CNR-IOM, Area Science ParkS.S. 14 km 163.534149 BasovizzaTriesteItaly
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Area Science ParkS.S. 14 km 163.534149 BasovizzaTriesteItaly
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Kataev E, Wechsler D, Williams FJ, Köbl J, Tsud N, Franchi S, Steinrück H, Lytken O. Probing the Roughness of Porphyrin Thin Films with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2293-2300. [PMID: 32820833 PMCID: PMC7702074 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thin-film growth of molecular systems is of interest for many applications, such as for instance organic electronics. In this study, we demonstrate how X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can be used to study the growth behavior of such molecular systems. In XPS, coverages are often calculated assuming a uniform thickness across a surface. This results in an error for rough films, and the magnitude of this error depends on the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons analyzed. We have used this kinetic-energy dependency to estimate the roughnesses of thin porphyrin films grown on rutile TiO2 (110). We used two different molecules: cobalt (II) monocarboxyphenyl-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (CoMCTPP), with carboxylic-acid anchor groups, and cobalt (II) tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP), without anchor groups. We find CoMCTPP to grow as rough films at room temperature across the studied coverage range, whereas for CoTPP the first two layers remain smooth and even; depositing additional CoTPP results in rough films. Although, XPS is not a common technique for measuring roughness, it is fast and provides information of both roughness and thickness in one measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Kataev
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3Erlangen91058Germany
| | - Daniel Wechsler
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3Erlangen91058Germany
| | - Federico J. Williams
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química FísicaUniversidad de Buenos AiresPabellón 2Buenos AiresC1428EHAArgentina
| | - Julia Köbl
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3Erlangen91058Germany
| | - Natalia Tsud
- Department of Surface and Plasma ScienceCharles UniversityV Holešovičkách 2Prague11636Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Franchi
- Istituto di Struttura della MateriaConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerchevia Fosso del Cavaliere100RomaItaly
| | - Hans‐Peter Steinrück
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3Erlangen91058Germany
| | - Ole Lytken
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3Erlangen91058Germany
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6
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Xiang F, Schmitt T, Raschmann M, Schneider MA. Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1516-1524. [PMID: 33094085 PMCID: PMC7554680 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins represent a versatile class of molecules, the adsorption behavior of which on solid surfaces is of fundamental interest due to a variety of potential applications. We investigate here the molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interaction of Co-5,15-diphenylporphyrin (Co-DPP) and 2H-tetrakis(p-cyanophenyl)porphyrin (2H-TCNP) on one bilayer (1BL) and two bilayer (2BL) thick cobalt oxide films on Ir(100) by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT). The two substrates differ greatly with respect to their structural and potential-energy landscape corrugation with immediate consequences for adsorption and self-assembly of the molecules studied. On both films, an effective electronic decoupling from the metal substrate is achieved. However, on the 1BL film, Co-DPP molecules are sufficiently mobile at 300 K and coalesce to self-assembled molecular islands when cooled to 80 K despite their rather weak intermolecular interaction. In contrast, on the 2BL film, due to the rather flat potential landscape, molecular rotation is thermally activated, which effectively prevents self-assembly. The situation is different for 2H-TCNPP, which, due to the additional functional anchoring groups, does not self-assemble on the 1BL film but forms self-assembled compact islands on the 2BL film. The findings demonstrate the guiding effect of the cobalt oxide films of different thickness and the effect of functional surface anchoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xiang
- Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmitt
- Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Raschmann
- Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Alexander Schneider
- Solid State Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Wähler T, Schuster R, Libuda J. Self-Metalation of Anchored Porphyrins on Atomically Defined Cobalt Oxide Surfaces: In situ Studies by Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:12445-12453. [PMID: 32333716 PMCID: PMC7590103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metalation of anchored porphyrins is essential for their functionality at hybrid interfaces. In this work, we have studied the anchoring and metalation of a functionalized porphyrin derivative, 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (MCTPP), on an atomically-defined CoO(100) film under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We follow both the anchoring to the oxide surface and the self-metalation by surface Co2+ ions via infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). At 150 K, MCTPP multilayer films adsorb molecularly on CoO(100) without anchoring to the surface. Upon heating to 195 K, the first layer of porphyrin molecules anchors via formation of a bridging surface carboxylate. Above 460 K, the MCTPP multilayer desorbs and only the anchored monolayer resides on the surface up to temperatures of 600 K approximately. The orientation of anchored MCTPP depends on the surface coverage. At low coverage, the MCTPP adopts a nearly flat-lying geometry, whereas an upright standing film is formed near the multilayer coverage. Self-metalation of MCTPP depends critically on the surface temperature, the coverage and on the molecular orientation. At 150 K, metalation is largely suppressed, while the degree of metalation increases with increasing temperature and reaches a value of around 60 % in the first monolayer at 450 K. At lower coverage higher metalation fractions (85 % and above) are observed, similar as for increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wähler
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ralf Schuster
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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