1
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Wang B, Huang X, Bi H, Liu J. Electroreductive alkylations of (hetero)arenes with carboxylic acids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4970. [PMID: 38862567 PMCID: PMC11166922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are widely available and generally inexpensive from abundant biomass feedstocks, and they are suitable and generic coupling partners in synthetic chemistry. Reported herein is an electroreductive coupling of stable and versatile carboxylic acids with (hetero)arenes using protons as the hydrogen source. The application of an earth-abundant titanium catalyst has significantly improved the deoxygenative reduction process. Preliminary mechanistic studies provide insights into the deoxygenative reduction of in-situ generated ketone pathway, and the intermediacy generation of ketyl radical and alkylidene titanocene. Without the necessity of pressurized hydrogen or stoichiometric hydride as reductants, this protocol enables highly selective and straightforward synthesis of various functionalized and structurally diverse alkylbenzenes under mild conditions. The utility of this reaction is further demonstrated through practical and valuable isotope incorporation from readily available deuterium source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Xianshuai Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Huihua Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, 511300, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Kim S, Lee S. Electrochemical synthesis of sulfinic and sulfonic esters from sulfonyl hydrazides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4436-4444. [PMID: 38742933 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthetic method for the synthesis of sulfinic esters and sulfonic esters from sulfonyl hydrazides was developed. Alkyl sulfinic esters were synthesized by treating sulfonyl hydrazides with trialkyl orthoformate in a DMF solvent at a constant current of 5 mA and then optimizing the reaction conditions. Conversely, alkyl sulfonic esters were exclusively obtained when the reaction was conducted in alkyl alcohol solvents at a constant current of 15 mA. The various substituted arylsulfonyl hydrazides afforded moderate to good yields of the desired sulfinic esters and sulfonic esters. Mechanistic investigations revealed that sulfonyl radicals were formed through electrochemical oxidation and that they react with alkyl radicals or alkoxy radicals to generate the respective ester products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea.
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3
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Luo J, Davenport MT, Ess DH, Liu TL. Electro/Ni Dual-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Coupling Reactions of Carboxylates and Aryl Bromide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403844. [PMID: 38518115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Paired redox-neutral electrolysis offers an attractive green platform for organic synthesis by avoiding sacrificial oxidants and reductants. Carboxylates are non-toxic, stable, inexpensive, and widely available, making them ideal nucleophiles for C-C cross-coupling reactions. Here, we report the electro/Ni dual-catalyzed redox-neutral decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions of pristine carboxylates with aryl bromides. At a cathode, a NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate is formed through the activation of Ar-Br bond by a NiI-bipyridine catalyst and subsequent reduction. At an anode, the carboxylates, including amino acid, benzyl carboxylic acid, and 2-phenoxy propionic acid, undergo oxidative decarboxylation to form carbon-based free radicals. The combination of NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate and carbon radical results in the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling products. The adaptation of this electrosynthesis method to flow synthesis and valuable molecule synthesis was demonstrated. The reaction mechanism was systematically studied through electrochemical voltammetry and density functional theory (DFT) computational studies. The relationships between the electrochemical properties of carboxylates and the reaction selectivity were revealed. The electro/Ni dual-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions described herein expand the chemical space of paired electrochemical C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling and represent a promising method for the construction of the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds because of the ubiquitous carboxylate nucleophiles and the innate scalability and flexibility of electrochemical flow-synthesis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
| | - Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
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4
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Wu J, Zhang M, He J, Li K, Ye L, Zhou J, Xu X, Li Z, Xu H. Electrochemical oxidative decarboxylative of α-oxocarboxylic acids towards the synthesis of quinazolines and quinazolinones. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7551-7556. [PMID: 38440270 PMCID: PMC10910557 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A mild and environmentally electrochemical method for the synthesis of quinazolines and quinazolinones has been developed through anodic oxidation decarboxylative of α-oxocarboxylic acids. The present reaction was efficiently conducted by using simple and cheap NH4I as the N-source and electrolyte in an undivided cell. The desired products, quinazolines and quinazolinones, were isolated in high yield under chemical oxidant free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University Fengyang 233100 China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University Fengyang 233100 China
| | - Jun He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University Fengyang 233100 China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University Fengyang 233100 China
| | - Longqiang Ye
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University Fengyang 233100 China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
| | - Xiaolan Xu
- School of Medical Science, Anhui Medical University Hefei 230009 China
| | - Zirong Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University Fengyang 233100 China
| | - Huajian Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
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5
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Wu S, Huang J, Kang L, Zhang Y, Yuan K. Transition-Metal-Free, Reductive Csp 2-Csp 3 Bond Constructions via Electrochemically Induced Alkyl Radicals. Org Lett 2024; 26:763-768. [PMID: 38227333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Construction of the Csp2-Csp3 bond without the aid of transition metal catalysts has been achieved by coupling the electrogenerated alkyl radicals with electron deficient (hetero)arenes in an undivided cell. Simultaneous cathodic reduction of both unactivated alkyl halides and cyanobenzenes under high potential enables radical-radical cross-coupling to deliver alkylarenes in the absence of transition metals. Depending on the coupling partner, the electrogenerated alkyl radicals can also proceed the Minisci-type reaction with N-heteroarenes without redox agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Lulu Kang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Kedong Yuan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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6
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Li P, Tian Y, Tian L, Wang Y. Selective electrochemical acceptorless dehydrogenation reactions of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:725-730. [PMID: 38169000 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01930f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Selective dehydrogenation reactions of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives through electrochemical oxidation are disclosed. In the presence of nitric acid, the selective partial dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines to form 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines was achieved via anodic oxidation. The results of CV (Cyclic Voltammograms) experiments and DFT calculations showed the 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines protonated by an external Brønsted acid to be less prone than their unprotonated counterparts to oxidation under electrochemical conditions, thus avoiding their further dehydrogenation. Moreover, a TEMPO-mediated electrochemical oxidation enabled a complete dehydrogenation to yield fully aromatized isoquinolines. Thus, tunable processes involving electrochemical dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines could be used to selectively produce various 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines and isoquinoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yue Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lifang Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yahui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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7
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Kolodziejczyk A, Wheeler J, Tran NT, Jaye C, Knorr D. Elucidation of Surface Functional Groups Deposited by Electrochemical Surface Treatment of Discontinuous Carbon Fiber by NEXAFS and XPS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18289-18301. [PMID: 38061034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Control of carbon fiber heteroatom (oxygen and nitrogen) functionalization using electrochemical oxidation is explored in a variety of electrolyte solutions. Results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy indicate that most electrolytes in aqueous and anodic conditions are limited to heteroatom surface content of no more than 13 atomic percent (at %) with a majority C-O and/or C-N moieties; the remaining moieties include an oxidative sequence of carbon (alcohol to ketone to carboxylate) and more complex O- and N-containing groups. The pH of the electrolyte solution was found to be crucial in controlling the ratio of the amount of oxygen to nitrogen functionalities, with the increased basicity of solution resulting in higher nitrogen deposition. The oxidative (and/or thermal) decomposition of many electrolytes during electrochemical treatment can have a major impact on functionalization through changes to pH. Oxidation of carbon fiber in some electrolyte solutions showed higher surface concentrations of heteroatoms (25-30 at %) than most electrolytes (13 at %). Mechanisms were proposed to explain how some electrolytes can exceed 13 at % of heteroatom deposition. Specifically, we hypothesized that electrolytes that contain organic ions with chelation capabilities and moieties that produce additional sites of functionalization can overcome that threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Kolodziejczyk
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0401, United States
| | - Jacob Wheeler
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5031, United States
| | - Ngon T Tran
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Cherno Jaye
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Daniel Knorr
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
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8
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Koleda O, Prane K, Suna E. Electrochemical Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids via Anodic Decarboxylation of N-Acetylamino Malonic Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:7958-7962. [PMID: 37758233 PMCID: PMC10644390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Broad application of α,α-disubstituted cyclic amino acid derivatives in medicinal chemistry urges for analogue design with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we disclose an electrochemical approach toward unnatural THF- and THP-containing amino acid derivatives that relies on anodic decarboxylation-intramolecular etherification of inexpensive and readily available N-acetylamino malonic acid monoesters under Hofer-Moest reaction conditions. The decarboxylative cyclization proceeds under constant current conditions in an undivided cell in an aqueous medium without any added base. A successful bioisosteric replacement of the 1-aminocyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid subunit by the THP-containing amino acid scaffold in cathepsin K inhibitor balicatib helped to reduce lipophilicity while retaining low nanomolar enzyme inhibitory potency and comparable microsomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Koleda
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- University
of Latvia, Department of Chemistry, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Katrina Prane
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- University
of Latvia, Department of Chemistry, Jelgavas 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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9
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Yu J, Liu T, Sun W, Zhang Y. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Elimination of Carboxylic Acids to Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7816-7821. [PMID: 37870311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the decarboxylative elimination of carboxylic acids to alkenes at room temperature has been developed. This mild and oxidant-free method provides a green alternative to traditional thermal decarboxylation reactions. Structurally diverse aliphatic carboxylic acids, including biologically active drugs, underwent smooth conversion to the corresponding alkenes in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiage Yu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wanhao Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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10
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Zhao X, Li M, Sun K, Xu Z, Tian L, Wang Y. Electrochemical deoxygenative homo-couplings of aromatic aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13062-13065. [PMID: 37849338 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical deoxygenative homo-coupling of aromatic aldehydes is achieved to selectively access bibenzyl and stilbene derivatives. The protocol allows the homo-coupling of aldehydes to occur after single-electron-reduction at the cathode. Taking advantage of the oxophilicity of triphenylphosphine, the electrochemical deoxygenation proceeds smoothly to give reductive homo-coupling products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Kunhui Sun
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lifang Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yahui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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11
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Garrido-Castro AF, Hioki Y, Kusumoto Y, Hayashi K, Griffin J, Harper KC, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Scalable Electrochemical Decarboxylative Olefination Driven by Alternating Polarity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309157. [PMID: 37656907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
A mild, scalable (kg) metal-free electrochemical decarboxylation of alkyl carboxylic acids to olefins is disclosed. Numerous applications are presented wherein this transformation can simplify alkene synthesis and provide alternative synthetic access to valuable olefins from simple carboxylic acid feedstocks. This robust method relies on alternating polarity to maintain the quality of the electrode surface and local pH, providing a deeper understanding of the Hofer-Moest process with unprecedented chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto F Garrido-Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuta Hioki
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Science and Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kyohei Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy Griffin
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kaid C Harper
- AbbVie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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12
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Wu J, Shu C, Li Z, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Bromination, Chlorination and Thiocyanation Using Inorganic Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309684. [PMID: 37522816 PMCID: PMC10952529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylative halogenation reactions of alkyl carboxylic acids are highly valuable reactions for the synthesis of structurally diverse alkyl halides. However, many reported protocols rely on stoichiometric strong oxidants or highly electrophilic halogenating agents. Herein, we describe visible-light photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative halogenation reactions of N-hydroxyphthalimide-activated carboxylic acids that avoid stoichiometric oxidants and use inexpensive inorganic halide salts as the halogenating agents. Bromination with lithium bromide proceeds under simple, transition-metal-free conditions using an organic photoredox catalyst and no other additives, whereas dual photoredox-copper catalysis is required for chlorination with lithium chloride. The mild conditions display excellent functional-group tolerance, which is demonstrated through the transformation of a diverse range of structurally complex carboxylic acid containing natural products into the corresponding alkyl bromides and chlorides. In addition, we show the generality of the dual photoredox-copper-catalyzed decarboxylative functionalization with inorganic salts by extension to thiocyanation with potassium thiocyanide, which was applied to the synthesis of complex alkyl thiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringZhangjiang Institute for Advanced StudyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNo. 429, Zhangheng Road200213ShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Shu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: National Key Laboratory of Green PesticideCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU)152 Luoyu Road430079WuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhihang Li
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
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13
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Chakraborty N, Rajbongshi KK, Dahiya A, Das B, Vaishnani A, Patel BK. NIS-initiated photo-induced oxidative decarboxylative sulfoximidation of cinnamic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2779-2782. [PMID: 36786510 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
N-Iodosuccinimide catalyzed, visible-light-induced oxidative decarboxylative cross-coupling between cinnamic acids and NH-sulfoximines is presented. This strategy results in the formation of α-keto-N-acyl sulfoximines via the construction of two new CO bonds and one C-N bond. The in situ-generated N-iodosulfoximine serves as the light-absorbing species in the absence of any external photosensitizer. The keto carbonyl and amidic carbonyl oxygen in the resulting product originate from dioxygen and water respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Kamal K Rajbongshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Anjali Dahiya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Bubul Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Akshar Vaishnani
- Department of Chemistry, REVA University, Bangalore, 560064, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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14
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Feng Q, Wang Y, Zheng B, Huang S. Electrochemical Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes to Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:293-297. [PMID: 36587377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable method for converting terminal alkynes into their corresponding carboxylic acids is reported using synthetic electrolysis in an undivided cell at room temperature. This protocol, avoiding transition metal catalysis and stoichiometric chemical oxidants, tolerates a variety of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkyl akynes. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that sodium nitrite serves a triple role as the electrolyte, nitryl radical precursor, and a nitrosating reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yamin Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Binnan Zheng
- Ningxia Best Pharmaceutical Chemical Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750411, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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15
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Huang J, Li X, Xu L, Wei Y. Electrochemical Decarboxylation Coupling of α-Keto Acids with Thiophenols: A New Avenue for the Synthesis of Thioesters. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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16
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Qian BC, Zhu CZ, Shen GB. The Application of Sulfonyl Hydrazides in Electrosynthesis: A Review of Recent Studies. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39531-39561. [PMID: 36385900 PMCID: PMC9648049 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonyl hydrazides are viewed as alternatives to sulfinic acids and their salts or sulfonyl halides, which are broadly used in organic synthesis or work as active pharmaceutical substances. Generally, sulfonyl hydrazides are considered good building blocks and show powerful value in a diverse range of reactions to construct C-S bonds or C-C bonds, and even C-N bonds as sulfur, carbon, or nitrogen sources, respectively. As a profound synthetic tool, the electrosynthesis method was recently used to achieve efficient and green applications of sulfonyl hydrazides. Interestingly, many unique and novel electrochemical syntheses using sulfonyl hydrazides as radical precursors have been developed, including cascade reactions, functionalization of heterocycles, as well as a continuous flow method combining with electrochemical synthesis since 2017. Accordingly, it is necessary to specifically summarize the recent developments of electrosynthesis with only sulfonyl hydrazides as radical precursors to more deeply understand and better design novel electrochemical synthesis reactions. Herein, electrosynthesis research using sulfonyl hydrazides as radical precursors since 2017 is reviewed in detail based on the chemical structures of products and reaction mechanisms.
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17
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Wang Z, Zhao X, Wang H, Li X, Xu Z, Ramadoss V, Tian L, Wang Y. Dehydroxylative Arylation of Alcohols via Paired Electrolysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:7476-7481. [PMID: 36190448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonactivated alcohols along with arene compounds are used in electrochemical dehydroxylative arylation for constructing C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. The PIII reagent undergoes single-electron anodic oxidation to form its radical cation, which reacts with the alcohol to produce an alkoxytriphenylphosphine radical. Through spontaneous β-scission of the phosphoranyl radical, the C-O bond is cleaved to form an alkyl radical species, which couples with the radical anion generated by cathodic reduction of the electron-poor arene to afford the dehydroxylative arylated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Velayudham Ramadoss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lifang Tian
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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18
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Exploiting photoredox catalysis for carbohydrate modification through C–H and C–C bond activation. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:782-805. [PMID: 37118094 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has recently emerged as a powerful synthetic platform for accessing complex chemical structures through non-traditional bond disconnection strategies that proceed through free-radical intermediates. Such synthetic strategies have been used for a range of organic transformations; however, in carbohydrate chemistry they have primarily been applied to the generation of oxocarbenium ion intermediates in the ubiquitous glycosylation reaction. In this Review, we present more intricate light-induced synthetic strategies to modify native carbohydrates through homolytic C-H and C-C bond cleavage. These strategies allow access to glycans and glycoconjugates with profoundly altered carbohydrate skeletons, which are challenging to obtain through conventional synthetic means. Carbohydrate derivatives with such structural motifs represent a broad class of natural products integral to numerous biochemical processes and can be found in active pharmaceutical substances. Here we present progress made in C-H and C-C bond activation of carbohydrates through photoredox catalysis, focusing on the operational mechanisms and the scope of the described methodologies.
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19
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Sun K, Xu Z, Ramadoss V, Tian L, Wang Y. Electrochemical deoxygenative reduction of ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11155-11158. [PMID: 36106949 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04548f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction via paired electrolysis has been used to achieve deoxygenative reduction of ketones. As a result of the complexing of ketones with the triphenylphosphine radical cation generated by anodic oxidation, the reduction of carbonyl groups occurs readily. Through spontaneous β-scission of phosphoranyl radicals, C-O bonds are cleaved to form benzylic radical intermediates. These radical species are either able to abstract hydrogen from MeCN or undergo reduction at the cathode to give carbanions, upon workup forming reductive hydrogenation of ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhui Sun
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Velayudham Ramadoss
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Lifang Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Yahui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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20
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Kumar GS, Shinde PS, Chen H, Muralirajan K, Kancherla R, Rueping M. Paired Electrolysis for Decarboxylative Cyanation: 4-CN-Pyridine, a Versatile Nitrile Source. Org Lett 2022; 24:6357-6363. [PMID: 36036921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A decarboxylative cyanation of amino acids under paired electrochemical reaction conditions has been developed. 4-CN-pyridine was found to be a new and effective cyanation reagent under catalyst-free conditions. Mechanistic studies support a nucleophilic reaction pathway, and the cyanation protocol can be applied to diverse substrates including N,N-dialkyl aniline and indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Sathish Kumar
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant S Shinde
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifeng Chen
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Wang Y, Li L, Fu N. Electrophotochemical Decarboxylative Azidation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liubo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Wen K, Li Y, Gao Q, Chen J, Yang J, Tang X. Copper-Mediated Cyclization of o-Hydroxyaryl Enaminones with 3-Indoleacetic Acids toward the Synthesis of 3-Indolmethyl-Chromones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9270-9281. [PMID: 35786963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a copper-mediated tandem decarboxylative coupling/annulation protocol of o-hydroxyaryl enaminones with 3-indoleacetic acids. A series of 3-indolmethyl-chromones were afforded in up to 97% yield. A one-pot method for 3-indolmethyl-chromones from o-hydroxy acetophenones, N, N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal, and 3-indoleacetic acids was also developed. Derivatization of the products was conducted to provide various indolmethyl-substituted pyrimidines. Moreover, a biological evaluation revealed that some compounds had anti-influenza viral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmei Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1023 South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
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23
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Leleu L, Martzel T, Fall A, Sanselme M, Levacher V, Oudeyer S, Brière JF. Diastereoselective addition of redox active esters to azomethine imines by electrosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6100-6103. [PMID: 35503100 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to metal- and catalyst-free electrochemical conditions in an undivided cell, a series of readily available redox-active N-(acyloxy)phthalimide esters led to an efficient and highly stereoselective addition (85 : 15 to 95 : 5 dr) of putative radical species to chiral (racemic and enantioenriched) C5-substituted azomethine imines to provide an array of 31 polyaminated hydrazine derivatives as a single diastereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Leleu
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Thomas Martzel
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Arona Fall
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Morgane Sanselme
- Laboratoire SMS - EA3233, Normandie Univ-University of Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Levacher
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sylvain Oudeyer
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France.
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24
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Wang H, Wang Z, Zhao G, Ramadoss V, Tian L, Wang Y. Electrochemical Deoxygenative Barbier-Type Reaction. Org Lett 2022; 24:3668-3673. [PMID: 35579356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An effective deoxygenative C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation reaction is achieved through electrochemical reduction of alcoholic phosphates or sulfonates with aldehydes or ketones. Alcohol derivatives of phosphates undergo single-electron reduction under electrochemical conditions followed by a spontaneous cleavage of the C-O bond with the exothermic loss of phosphate resulting in an alkyl radical species. Subsequently, radical intermediates are further reduced to carbanions at the cathode, which are in situ trapped by carbonyl compounds, thus accomplishing a deoxygenative Barbier-type reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Guo Zhao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Velayudham Ramadoss
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lifang Tian
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering (MCE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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25
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Saha D, Taily IM, Banerjee N, Banerjee P. Electricity mediated [3+2]-cycloaddition of N-sulfonylcyclopropanes with olefins via N-centered radical intermediates: access to cyclopentane analogs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5459-5462. [PMID: 35352071 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00761d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An external oxidant free electrochemical strategy is designed towards the β-scission of strained C-C bonds in cyclopropylamine. Moreover, the mechanistic studies ascertained that the methodology encompasses the N-center radical (NCRs) route and provides access to di- or tri-substituted cyclopentane analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Saha
- Lab no. 406, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Irshad Maajid Taily
- Lab no. 406, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Nakshatra Banerjee
- Lab no. 406, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Lab no. 406, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
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26
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Utilization of photocatalysts in decarboxylative coupling of carboxylic N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Li HC, Li GN, Sun K, Chen XL, Jiang MX, Qu LB, Yu B. Ce(III)/Photoassisted Synthesis of Amides from Carboxylic Acids and Isocyanates. Org Lett 2022; 24:2431-2435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cong Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guan-Nan Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Chen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Jiang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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28
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Singh S, Dagar N, Roy SR. Photoinduced ligand to metal charge transfer enabling cerium mediated decarboxylative alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3831-3834. [PMID: 35234798 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the cerium-mediated decarboxylative alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones utilizing feedstock carboxylic acids as a radical precursor via photoinduced-LMCT. This operationally simple protocol overcomes the limitation of the direct use of carboxylic acids to access alkyl radicals. Spectroscopic investigations reveal the photoinduced LMCT and CO2 evolving events. We have utilized a broad range of alkyl carboxylic acids (1° to 3° acids), amino acids and pharmaceutically-important acids as a coupling partner to synthesise the desired alkylated heterocyclic product in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Neha Dagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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29
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Murtaza A, Qamar MA, Saleem K, Hardwick T, Zia Ul Haq, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. Renewable Electricity Enables Green Routes to Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100296. [PMID: 35103382 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses of chemicals using renewable electricity and when generating high atom economies are considered green and sustainable processes. In the present state of affairs, electrochemical manufacturing of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals is not as common place as it could be and therefore, merits more attention. There is also a need to turn attention toward the electrochemical synthesis of valuable chemicals from recyclable greenhouse gases that can accelerate the process of circular economy. CO2 emissions are the major contributor to human-induced global warming. CO2 conversion into chemicals is a valuable application of its utilisation and will contribute to circular economy while maintaining environmental sustainability. Herein, we present an overview of electro-carboxylation, including mechanistic aspects, which forms carboxylic acids using molecular carbon dioxide. We also discuss atom economies of electrochemical fluorination, methoxylation and amide formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Murtaza
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais Qamar
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Kaynat Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zia Ul Haq
- Chemical Engineering department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | | | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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30
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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31
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Park JK, Oh J, Lee S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Sulfonyl Fluorides from Sulfonyl Hydrazides. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00651k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides via the reaction of sulfonyl hydrazides and Et3N3HF under electrochemical conditions is reported. Various sulfonyl fluorides were obtained in good yields under a constant current...
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32
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Narobe R, Murugesan K, Schmid S, König B. Decarboxylative Ritter-Type Amination by Cooperative Iodine (I/III)─Boron Lewis Acid Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rok Narobe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathiravan Murugesan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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33
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Claraz A, Allain C, Masson G. Electroreductive Cross-Coupling of Trifluoromethyl Alkenes and Redox Active Esters for the Synthesis of Gem-Difluoroalkenes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103337. [PMID: 34761845 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An electroreductive access to gem-difluoroalkenes has been developed through the decarboxylative/defluorinative coupling of N-hydroxyphtalimides esters and α-trifluoromethyl alkenes. The electrolysis is performed under very simple reaction conditions in an undivided cell using cheap carbon graphite electrodes. This metal-free transformation features broad scope with good to excellent yields. Tertiary, secondary as well as primary alkyl radicals could be easily introduced. α-aminoacids L-aspartic and L-glutamic acid-derived redox active esters were good reactive partners furnishing potentially relevant gem-difluoroalkenes. In addition, it has been demonstrated that our electrosynthetic approach toward the synthesis of gem-difluoroalkenes could use an easily prepared Kratitsky salt as alkyl radical precursor via a deaminative/defluorinative carbofunctionalization of trifluoromethylstyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Clémence Allain
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, UPR2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Saha D, Maajid Taily I, Banerjee P. Electricity Driven 1,3‐Oxohydroxylation of Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes: a Mild and Straightforward Access to β‐Hydroxy Ketones. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Saha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab 140001
| | - Irshad Maajid Taily
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab 140001
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Rupnagar Punjab 140001
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Chicas-Baños DF, Frontana-Uribe BA. Electrochemical Generation and Use in Organic Synthesis of C-, O-, and N-Centered Radicals. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2538-2573. [PMID: 34047059 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade several research groups have been developing electrochemical procedures to access highly functionalized organic molecules. Among the most exciting advances, the possibility of using free radical chemistry has attracted the attention of the most important synthetic groups. Nowadays, electrochemical strategies based on these species with a synthetic purpose are published continuously in scientific journals, increasing the alternatives for the synthetic organic chemistry laboratories. Free radicals can be obtained in organic electrochemical reactions; thus, this review reassembles the last decade's (2010-2020) efforts of the electrosynthetic community to generate and take advantage of the C-, O-, and N-centered radicals' reactivity. The electrochemical reactions that occur, as well as the proposed mechanism, are discussed, trying to give clear information about the used conditions and reactivity of these reactive intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Chicas-Baños
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto Química Sustentable UAEMéx-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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Zeng Z, Feceu A, Sivendran N, Gooßen LJ. Decarboxylation‐Initiated Intermolecular Carbon‐Heteroatom Bond Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Zeng
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Abigail Feceu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Nardana Sivendran
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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37
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Saha D, Taily IM, Kumar R, Banerjee P. Electrochemical rearrangement protocols towards the construction of diverse molecular frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2464-2478. [PMID: 33616597 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions constitute a critical facet of synthetic organic chemistry and demonstrate an attractive way to take advantage of existing structures to access various important molecular frameworks. Electroorganic chemistry has emerged as an environmentally benign approach to carry out organic transformations by directly employing an electric current and avoids the use of stoichiometric chemical oxidants. The last few years have witnessed a resurgence of electroorganic chemistry that has promoted a renaissance of interest in the development of novel redox electroorganic transformations. This review manifests the evolution of electrosynthesis in the area of rearrangement chemistry and covers the achievements in the field of migration, ring expansion, and rearrangements along with the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Irshad Maajid Taily
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
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38
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Sbei N, Aslam S, Ahmed N. Organic synthesis via Kolbe and related non-Kolbe electrolysis: an enabling electro-strategy. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the electrolysis process, where the anodic oxidation of carboxylic acids leads to decarboxylation, has been discussed to synthesize organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Sbei
- Organic Chemistry Department
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry
- The Women University Multan
- Multan 60000
- Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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Zhao F, Meng N, Sun T, Wen J, Zhao X, Wei W. Metal-free electrochemical synthesis of α-ketoamides via decarboxylative coupling of α-keto acids with isocyanides and water. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A mild and convenient electrochemical protocol has been developed for the preparation of α-ketoamides via a decarboxylative coupling reaction of α-keto acids with isocyanides and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Na Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
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Ogbu IM, Lusseau J, Kurtay G, Robert F, Landais Y. Urethanes synthesis from oxamic acids under electrochemical conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12226-12229. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical decarboxylation of oxamic acids in the presence of alcohols provides urethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Martin Ogbu
- University of Bordeaux
- Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM)
- UMR-CNRS 5255
- 33405 Talence Cedex
- France
| | - Jonathan Lusseau
- University of Bordeaux
- Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM)
- UMR-CNRS 5255
- 33405 Talence Cedex
- France
| | - Gülbin Kurtay
- University of Bordeaux
- Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM)
- UMR-CNRS 5255
- 33405 Talence Cedex
- France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- University of Bordeaux
- Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM)
- UMR-CNRS 5255
- 33405 Talence Cedex
- France
| | - Yannick Landais
- University of Bordeaux
- Institute of Molecular Sciences (ISM)
- UMR-CNRS 5255
- 33405 Talence Cedex
- France
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