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Dong J, Lei Y, Hu Q, Zong L, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Hu Y. Fused diethynylbenzenes and phenanthrenes via arynes with alkynylsilanes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2715-2719. [PMID: 36722919 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A method for the hydroalkynylation and catalytic cyclization reactions of hexadehydro-Diels-Alder-derived benzynes is described. Diethynylbenzene derivatives are generated in a one-step reaction via trimethylsilyl-alkyne groups with benzyne formed by heating the appropriate tetrayne substrate. Trimethyl(phenylethynyl)silane loses TMS and binds to the electron-deficient site on HDDA-derived benzynes, and then phenanthrene was synthesized under mild reaction conditions by transition-metal-free, base promoted intramolecular cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Yu Lei
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Qiong Hu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Lingli Zong
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
| | - Yimin Hu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular-Based Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
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Hill NDD, Lilienthal E, Bender CO, Boeré RT. Accurate Crystal Structures of C 12H 9CN, C 12H 8(CN) 2, and C 16H 11CN Valence Isomers Using Nonspherical Atomic Scattering Factors. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16213-16229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. D. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
- The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies (C-CRAFT), University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Elaura Lilienthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
- The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies (C-CRAFT), University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Christopher O. Bender
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - René T. Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
- The Canadian Centre for Research in Advanced Fluorine Technologies (C-CRAFT), University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
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Maier J, Marder TB. Mechanistic and Kinetic Factors of ortho-Benzyne Formation in Hexadehydro-Diels-Alder (HDDA) Reactions. Chemistry 2021; 27:7978-7991. [PMID: 33783896 PMCID: PMC8251977 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the hexadehydro-Diels-Alder reaction (HDDA) from its first discovery in 1997, the question of whether a concerted or stepwise mechanism better describes the thermally activated formation of ortho-benzyne from a diyne and a diynophile has been debated. Mechanistic and kinetic investigations were able to show that this is not a black or white situation, as minor changes can tip the balance. For that reason, especially, linked yne-diynes were studied to examine steric, electronic, and radical-stabilizing effects of their terminal substituents on the reaction mechanism and kinetics. Furthermore, the influence of the nature of the linker on the HDDA reaction was explored. The more recently discovered photochemical HDDA reaction also gives ortho-arynes, which display the same reactivity as the thermally generated ones, but their formation might not proceed by the same mechanism. This minireview summarizes the current state of mechanistic understanding of the HDDA reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Maier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Fluegel LL, Hoye TR. Hexadehydro-Diels-Alder Reaction: Benzyne Generation via Cycloisomerization of Tethered Triynes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2413-2444. [PMID: 33492939 PMCID: PMC8008985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hexadehydro-Diels-Alder (HDDA) reaction is the thermal cyclization of an alkyne and a 1,3-diyne to generate a benzyne intermediate. This is then rapidly trapped, in situ, by a variety of species to yield highly functionalized benzenoid products. In contrast to nearly all other methods of aryne generation, no other reagents are required to produce an HDDA benzyne. The versatile and customizable nature of the process has attracted much attention due not only to its synthetic potential but also because of the fundamental mechanistic insights the studies often afford. The authors have attempted to provide here a comprehensive compilation of publications appearing by mid-2020 that describe experimental results of HDDA reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Fluegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Thomas R Hoye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Prey SE, Wagner M. Threat to the Throne: Can Two Cooperating Boron Atoms Rival Transition Metals in Chemical Bond Activation and Catalysis? Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven E. Prey
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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Maier J, Deutsch M, Merz J, Ye Q, Diamond O, Schilling M, Friedrich A, Engels B, Marder TB. Highly Conjugated π-Systems Arising from Cannibalistic Hexadehydro-Diels-Alder Couplings: Cleavage of C-C Single and Triple Bonds. Chemistry 2020; 26:15989-16000. [PMID: 32619049 PMCID: PMC7756338 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the cannibalistic self-trapping reaction of an ortho-benzyne derivative generated from 1,11-bis(p-tolyl)undeca-1,3,8,10-tetrayne in an HDDA reaction. Without adding any specific trapping agent, the highly reactive benzyne is trapped by another bisdiyne molecule in at least three different modes. We have isolated and characterized the resulting products and performed high-level calculations concerning the reaction mechanism. During the cannibalistic self-trapping process, either a C≡C triple bond or an sp-sp3 C-C single bond is cleaved. Up to seven rings and nine C-C bonds are formed starting from two 1,11-bis(p-tolyl)undeca-1,3,8,10-tetrayne molecules. Our experiments and calculations provide considerable insight into the variety of reaction pathways which the ortho-benzyne derivative, generated from a bisdiyne, can take when reacting with another bisdiyne molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Maier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry &, Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marian Deutsch
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Julia Merz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry &, Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Qing Ye
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry &, Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Southern University of Science and TechnologyNo 1088, Xueyuan Rd.Xili, Nanshan DistrictShenzhen, GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Oliver Diamond
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry &, Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Maja‐Tessa Schilling
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry &, Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry &, Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Straße 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry &, Catalysis with Boron (ICB)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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Ma X, Maier J, Wenzel M, Friedrich A, Steffen A, Marder TB, Mitrić R, Brixner T. Direct observation of o-benzyne formation in photochemical hexadehydro-Diels-Alder ( hν-HDDA) reactions. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9198-9208. [PMID: 34123168 PMCID: PMC8163437 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03184d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive ortho-benzyne derivatives are believed to be the initial products of liquid-phase [4 + 2]-cycloadditions between a 1,3-diyne and an alkyne via what is known as a hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) reaction. The UV/VIS spectroscopic observation of o-benzyne derivatives and their photochemical dynamics in solution, however, have not been reported previously. Herein, we report direct UV/VIS spectroscopic evidence for the existence of an o-benzyne in solution, and establish the dynamics of its formation in a photoinduced reaction. For this purpose, we investigated a bis-diyne compound using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet/visible region. In the first step, we observe excited-state isomerization on a sub-10 ps time scale. For identification of the o-benzyne species formed within 50–70 ps, and the corresponding photochemical hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (hν-HDDA) reactions, we employed two intermolecular trapping strategies. In the first case, the o-benzyne was trapped by a second bis-diyne, i.e., self-trapping. The self-trapping products were then identified in the transient absorption experiments by comparing their spectral features to those of the isolated products. In the second case, we used perylene for trapping and reconstructed the spectrum of the trapping product by removing the contribution of irrelevant species from the experimentally observed spectra. Taken together, the UV/VIS spectroscopic data provide a consistent picture for o-benzyne derivatives in solution as the products of photo-initiated HDDA reactions, and we deduce the time scales for their formation. We report the transient ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrum of an o-benzyne species in solution for the first time.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Ma
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District 300072 Tianjin China
| | - Jan Maier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Wenzel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str.6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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