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Yu S, Ying J, Tian A. Applications of Viologens in Organic and Inorganic Discoloration Materials. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200171. [PMID: 35876415 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viologen derived from 4,4'-bipyridine has attracted much attention because of its color changing properties with electron transfer, unique redox stability and structural diversity. These characteristics have led to its successful use in various applications, in particular in color-changing materials. In the past few years, researchers have been working on the syntheses of viologen-based color-changing functional materials, and such materials have been widely used in many fields. In photochromic materials, it is used as anti-counterfeiting material; in thermochromic, it is used as memory storage material, and in electrochromic, it is used as a battery material. This Review discusses the progress of viologen in organic and inorganic discoloration materials in recent years. The syntheses of viologen and its derivatives are summarized, and its application in the field of discoloration materials is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ying
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P. R. China
| | - Aixiang Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Bohai University, Jinzhou, 121013, P. R. China
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Nadurata VL, Hay MA, Janetzki JT, Gransbury GK, Boskovic C. Rich redox-activity and solvatochromism in a family of heteroleptic cobalt complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16631-16646. [PMID: 34752591 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The combination of redox-active metals with redox-active ligands can lead to interesting charge transfer behaviours, including valence tautomerism and solvatochromism. With the aim of investigating a relatively underexplored redox-active metal/redox-active ligand combination, complexes [CoII(acac)2(X-BIAN)] (acac- = acetylacetonate; X-BIAN = bis(4-X-phenyl)iminoacenaphthene; 1: X = -CF3, 2: X = -Cl, 3: X = -H, 4: X = -Me) and [CoIII(acac)2(Me-BIAN)]+ (5+) have been synthesised and characterised. At all temperatures investigated, and in both the solid and solution state, complexes 1-4 exist in a CoII-BIAN0 charge distribution, while 5+ adopts a CoIII-BIAN0 charge distribution. In the case of 1-4, the potential CoIII-BIAN˙- valence tautomer is inaccesible; the energy ordering between the ground CoII-BIAN0 state and the excited CoIII-BIAN˙- state must be reversed in order for an entropically driven interconversion to be possible. The energy gap between the states can be monitored via metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in the visible region. We demonstrate tuning of this energy gap by varying the electronic properties of the BIAN ligand, as well as by controlling the molecular environment through solvent choice. Solvatochromic analysis, in combination with crystallographic evidence, allows elucidation of the specific solvent-solute interactions that govern the molecular behaviour of 1-4, affording insights that can inform potential future applications in sensing and switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L Nadurata
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Moya A Hay
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jett T Janetzki
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Gemma K Gransbury
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Colette Boskovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
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Liu Y, Fan Y, Hou C, Du W, Zhang D, Liu Y, Xu J, Bai YL. Highly Selective Chloromethanes Detection Based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance Gas Sensors with Ba-MOFs. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16370-16377. [PMID: 34677953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), {(CH3NH3)3[Ba2(TTHA)(NO3)(H2O)2]}·2H2O (1), {(CH3NH3)4[Ba3(HTTHA)2(H2O)7]}·3H2O (2), and [Ba7(TTHA)2(NO3)2(H2O)10]·2H2O (3) (H6TTHA = 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamineh-exaacetic acid) have been synthesized and characterized. The sensing properties of 1-3 were explored with regard to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. The results indicated that 1 and 2 have a much higher selectivity and response to chloromethanes (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4) compared with H2O, CH3OH, CH3CH2OH, CH3CN, (CH3)2CO, C6H6, C6H5CH3, C6H5CH2CH3, and C6H5Cl at room temperature. Furthermore, 1 and 2 sensing film also exhibits excellent reversibility and stability, and the response and recovery times are almost within 10 s. 3 displays a lower response and poor selectivity to the above VOCs. The significant difference may be caused by their different structural characteristics. The Ba2+ ions are all decacoordinated in 1 and 2, while Ba2+ ions have more open metal sites in 3. So, the high selectivity and response of 1 and 2 may be due to the exchange of coordination water molecules with chloromethanes and possible electrostatic effects between (CH3NH3)+ cations and chloromethanes containing more electronegative Cl atoms. DFT calculation results show that the bond energy of Ba-Cl and Ba-O is not much different, so chloromethanes at high concentrations may exchange coordination water to form weak Ba···Cl interactions and show higher response values. 3 has no obvious VOCs selectivity and higher response due to more open sites of Ba2+ ions and smaller pore size. This work develops a fast and effective method to detect chloromethanes, providing a new opportunity for designing QCM gas sensors coated with different MOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fan
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyi Hou
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ling Bai
- NEST Lab, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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Nadurata VL, Boskovic C. Switching metal complexes via intramolecular electron transfer: connections with solvatochromism. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01490g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Solvent-induced color-changing phenomena exhibited by some metal complexes can illuminate key aspects of their switchable behavior.
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