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Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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2
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Khuntia R, Mahapatra SK, Roy L, Chandra Pan S. Structurally divergent enantioselective synthesis of benzofuran fused azocine derivatives and spiro-cyclopentanone benzofurans enabled by sequential catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10768-10776. [PMID: 37829006 PMCID: PMC10566461 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An important objective in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry is the capacity to access structurally varied and complex molecules rapidly and affordably from easily available starting materials. Herein, a protocol for the structurally divergent synthesis of benzofuran fused azocine derivatives and spiro-cyclopentanone benzofurans has been developed via chiral bifunctional urea catalyzed reaction between aurone-derived α,β-unsaturated imine and ynone followed by switchable divergent annulation reactions by Lewis base catalysts (DBU and PPh3) with concomitant epimerization. The skeletally diversified products were formed in high yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Computational analysis with DFT and accurate DLPNO-CCSD(T) has been employed to gain deeper insights into mechanistic intricacies and investigate the role of chiral and Lewis base catalysts in skeletal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupkumar Khuntia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Assam 781039 India https://www.iitg.ac.in/span/
| | - Sanat Kumar Mahapatra
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 751013 India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 751013 India
| | - Subhas Chandra Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Assam 781039 India https://www.iitg.ac.in/span/
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Cen N, Wang H, Zhou Y, Gong R, Sui D, Chen W. Catalyst-free electrochemical trifluoromethylation of coumarins using CF 3SO 2NHNHBoc as the CF 3 source. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1883-1887. [PMID: 36786673 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01925f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical trifluoromethylation of coumarins using CF3SO2NHNHBoc as the source of the trifluoromethyl group was developed. Under catalyst-free and external oxidant-free electrolysis conditions, a range of 3-trifluoromethyl coumarins were obtained in moderate to good yields. The method could be easily scaled up with moderate efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Han Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - YiCheng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Ruoqu Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Dandan Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Chakraborty S, Mondal R, Pal S, Guin AK, Roy L, Paul ND. Zn(II)-Catalyzed Selective N-Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols Using Redox Noninnocent Azo-Aromatic Ligand as Electron and Hydrogen Reservoir. J Org Chem 2023; 88:771-787. [PMID: 36577023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for selective N-alkylation of various amines by alcohols, catalyzed by a well-defined Zn(II)-catalyst, Zn(La)Cl2 (1a), bearing a tridentate arylazo scaffold. A total of 57 N-alkylated amines were prepared in good to excellent yields, out of which 17 examples are new. The Zn(II)-catalyst shows wide functional group tolerance, is compatible with the synthesis of dialkylated amines via double N-alkylation of diamines, and produces the precursors in high yields for the marketed drugs tripelennamine and thonzonium bromide in gram-scale reactions. Control reactions and DFT studies indicate that electron transfer events occur at the azo-chromophore throughout the catalytic process, which shuttles between neutral azo, one-electron reduced azo-anion radical, and two-electron reduced hydrazo forms acting both as electron and hydrogen reservoir, enabling the Zn(II)-catalyst for N-alkylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Rakesh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhasree Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Amit Kumar Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai - IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Nanda D Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
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Czerwiński PJ, Grzeszczyk B, Furman B. Tertiary Amides as Fluoroalkyl Aldehyde Surrogates: Access to meso-Fluorinated Bis(heteroaryl)methanes. Org Lett 2022; 24:9269-9274. [PMID: 36516290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary, morpholine-derived, fluoroalkyl amides have been found to be efficient, readily accessible, bench-stable surrogates of fluoroalkyl aldehydes. This discovery is applied to the one-pot synthesis of a symmetrical and, more challengingly, unsymmetrical meso-fluoroalkylated bis(heteroaryl)methanes via a Schwartz's reagent-mediated reductive activation. The usefulness of this approach for the introduction of a fluoromethylated carbon bridge was proven by implementation of the developed methodology in the synthesis of a fluorine-decorated bispyrromethane skeleton and an α-alkylated BODIPY core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł J Czerwiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Grzeszczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Furman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Maji M, Borthakur I, Srivastava S, Kundu S. Regio-Selective C3- and N-Alkylation of Indolines in Water under Air Using Alcohols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5603-5616. [PMID: 35416045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We disclosed a regio-selective C-H and N-H bond functionalization of indolines using alcohols in water via tandem dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles and alcohols. A diverse range of N- and C3-alkylated indolines/indoles were accessed utilizing a new cooperative iridium catalyst. The practical applicability of this methodology was demonstrated by the preparative-scale synthesis and synthesis of a psychoactive drug, N,N-dimethyltryptamine. A catalytic cycle is proposed based on several kinetic experiments, series of control experiments and density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishani Borthakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabuj Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Himani Narjinari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Akshai Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Buono F, Nguyen T, Qu B, Wu H, Haddad N. Recent Advances in Nonprecious Metal Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Buono
- Chemical Development US, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Thach Nguyen
- Chemical Development US, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Bo Qu
- Chemical Development US, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Hao Wu
- Chemical Development US, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Nizar Haddad
- Chemical Development US, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
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Subaramanian M, Sivakumar G, Balaraman E. Recent advances in nickel-catalyzed C-C and C-N bond formation via HA and ADC reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:4213-4227. [PMID: 33881121 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, earth-abundant 3d-transition-metal catalysts have attracted much attention in contemporary catalysis. They have been widely employed as suitable alternatives to their counterparts noble metals. In particular, nickel catalysts provide distinctive redox properties; thus, their efficiency in sustainable organic transformations is manifold. In this review article, recent advances in nickel-catalyzed hydrogen auto-transfer (HA) and acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling (ADC) reactions for the construction of C-C and C-N bonds have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Subaramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati - 517507, India.
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