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Sarkar A, Behera KC, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and studies of covalently linked (BODIPY) 2-3-pyrrolyl BODIPY triads. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11543-11555. [PMID: 38919045 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01356e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Two novel covalently linked triads containing one 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY unit and two BODIPY units were synthesized over a sequence of steps using meso-(p-formylphenyl)-3-pyrrolyl BODIPY as a key precursor. Both triads were thoroughly characterized and studied by using HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, and DFT/TD-DFT techniques. X-ray structural analysis of these triads revealed that the dipyrrin units of both meso-BODIPY and 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY were oriented in the same plane whereas the dipyrrin unit of the α-BODIPY unit was oriented almost perpendicular to that of the 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY unit. Both triads showed two well-separated absorption bands corresponding to BODIPY and 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY units in the 510-675 nm region. In these triads, the BODIPY unit absorbs in the higher energy region and acts as an energy donor whereas the 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY unit absorbs in the lower energy region and acts as an energy acceptor. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies of these triads indicated the possibility of intramolecular singlet-singlet energy transfer with almost 98% efficiency from the BODIPY units to the 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY unit upon selective excitation of the BODIPY unit in both triads. DFT and TD-DFT investigations corroborated the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abani Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Kanhu Charan Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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Platzer B, Berionni Berna B, Bischetti M, Cicero DO, Paolesse R, Nardis S, Torres T, Guldi DM. Exploring the Association of Electron‐Donating Corroles with Phthalocyanines as Electron Acceptors. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103891. [PMID: 35084748 PMCID: PMC9306480 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electron‐donating corroles (Cor) were integrated with electron‐accepting phthalocyanines (Pc) to afford two different non‐covalent Cor ⋅ Pc systems. At the forefront was the coordination between a 10‐meso‐pyridine Cor and a ZnPc. The complexation was corroborated in a combination of NMR, absorption, and fluorescence assays, and revealed association with binding constants as high as 106
m−1. Steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopies evidenced that regardless of exciting Cor or Pc, the charge‐separated state evolved efficiently in both cases, followed by a slow charge‐recombination to reinstate the ground state. The introduction of non‐covalent linkages between Cor and Pc induces sizeable differences in the context of light harvesting and transfer of charges when compared with covalently linked Cor‐Pc conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Platzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Beatrice Berionni Berna
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Martina Bischetti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Daniel O. Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia C/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Sui Y, Zhou J, Liao P, Liang W, Xu H. A Gaint Donor-Acceptor Molecular Switch Compound: Synthesis and Properties. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22060283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of Water Soluble Porphyrins in Zeolite Environment. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1575-1585. [PMID: 34338967 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Excited state interactions of zeolite adsorbed porphyrins have been investigated by steady state luminescence quenching technique with certain antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid and L-cysteine. The zeolite supported porphyrins, meso-tetra (N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (H2TMPyP4+) and zinc tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (ZnTMPyP4+) were prepared and characterized by various techniques such as Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (DRS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and BET surface area. The interaction of zeolites with porphyrins are shown to increase the lifetime of the singlet excited state of porphyrins and decays are biphasic in nature. The splitting of the emission band of porphyrins occurs in 1:1 glycerol: water solution due to the changes in the dielectric of the solvation sphere associated with porphyrin. The Stern-Volmer plots of I0/I vs quencher concentration [Q] were linear in the whole range of [Q] used. These studies revealed the effective quenching for zinc porphyrin compared to free base porphyrin. The effect of quenchers and zeolite acidity has also been studied and the quenching rate constant (kq) is found in the order of 109 M-1 s-1. The quenching reaction obeys Rehm-Weller Equation and is shown to be due to thermodynamically favoured electron transfer from quenchers to the excited singlet state of porphyrins (reductive quenching).
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Subedi DR, Jang Y, Ganesan A, Schoellhorn S, Reid R, Verbeck GF, D’Souza F. Donor-acceptor conjugates derived from cobalt porphyrin and fullerene via metal-ligand axial coordination: Formation and excited state charge separation. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two types of cobalt porphyrins, viz., meso-tetrakis(tolylporphyrinato)cobalt(II), (TTP)Co (1), and meso-tetrakis(triphenylamino porphyrinato)cobalt(II), [(TPA)4P]Co, (2) were self-assembled via metal-ligand axial coordination of phenyl imidazole functionalized fulleropyrrolidine, ImC[Formula: see text] to form a new series of donor–acceptor constructs. A 1:2 complex formation with ImC[Formula: see text] was established in the case of (TTP)Co while for [(TPA)4P]Co only a 1:1 complex was possible to positively identify. The binding constants [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for step-wise addition of ImC[Formula: see text] to (TTP)Co were found to be 1.07 × 105 and 3.20 × 104 M[Formula: see text], respectively. For [(TPA)4P]Co:ImC[Formula: see text], the measured [Formula: see text] values was found to be 6.48 × 104 M[Formula: see text], slightly smaller than that observed for (TTP)Co. Although both cobalt porphyrins were non-fluorescent, they were able to quench the fluorescence of ImC[Formula: see text] indicating occurrence of excited state events in the supramolecular donor-acceptor complexes. Electrochemistry coupled with spectroelectrochemistry, revealed the formation of cobalt(III) porphyrin cation instead of a cobalt(II) porphyrin radical cation, as the main product, during oxidation of phenyl imidazole coordinated cobalt porphyrin. With the help of computational and electrochemical results, an energy level diagram was constructed to witness excited state photo-events. Competitive energy and electron transfer from excited CoP to coordinated ImC[Formula: see text], and electron transfer from Im1C[Formula: see text]* to cobalt(II) porphyrin resulting into the formation of PCo[Formula: see text]:ImC[Formula: see text] charge separated state was possible to envision from the energy diagram. Finally, using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and data analysis by Glotaran, it was possible to establish sequential occurrence of energy transfer and charge separation processes. The lifetime of the final charge separated state was [Formula: see text] 2 ns. A slightly better charge stabilization was observed in the case of [(TPA)4P]Co:ImC[Formula: see text] due to the presence of electron rich, peripheral triphenylamine substituents on the cobalt porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dili R. Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Ashwin Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Sydney Schoellhorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Ryan Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Francis D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Chitta R, Badgurjar D, Reddy G, Jain K, Karla VR, Boligorla A, Giribabu L. Light-induced energy transfer followed by electron transfer in axially co-ordinated benzothiazole tethered zinc porphyrin-fullero[C60/C70]pyrrolidine triads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BTZ)-zinc porphyrin (ZnP) dyads, Dyad-1 and Dyad-2 connected together with two different spacers, ester and ethoxy esters, were synthesized and light induced energy and electron transfer events were investigated. Within these dyads, due to the spectral overlap of the BTZ emission with the ZnP absorption, a selective photoexcitation of BTZ at 325 nm resulted in the photo-induced energy transfer (PEnT) from 1BTZ* to ZnP displaying the quenching of the BTZ emission followed by the concurrent appearance of the ZnP emission at 600 and 650 nm suggesting the formation of the 1ZnP* [Formula: see text]. 1BTZ*-ZnP [Formula: see text] BTZ-1ZnP*. When the dyads are titrated with imidazole appended fullero[C[Formula: see text]/C[Formula: see text]]pyrrolidines, four supramolecular triads, involving the axial co-ordination of the imidazole to the zinc center of the ZnP, were formed and the assembly formation was systematically monitored by the optical absorption technique. Cyclic voltammetry and the density functional theory calculations have revealed that, in these triads, the zinc porphyrin acts as an electron donor and fullerene moiety as the electron acceptor. Steady state fluorescence studies revealed that, upon selective excitation of the ZnP moiety at 550 nm, the emission of ZnP at 600 and 650 nm was quenched revealing the occurrence of photo-induced electron transfer (PET) from 1ZnP* to fullerene moiety leading to the formation of charge separated state [Formula: see text]. BTZ-1ZnP* : (ImC[Formula: see text] BTZ-ZnP[Formula: see text]:(ImC[Formula: see text]. More importantly, when the supramolecular triads were excited at 325 nm, the wavelength at which the BTZ absorbs predominantly, the emission of the BTZ moiety which was quenched due to PEnT from 1BTZ* to ZnP followed by the PET from 1ZnP* to fullerene indicates the probability of occurrence of 1BTZ*-ZnP:(ImC[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] BTZ-1ZnP*[Formula: see text]: (ImC[Formula: see text] BTZ-ZnP[Formula: see text]:(ImC[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Chitta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Tehsil: Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan — 305817, India
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkona, Warangal — 506004, India
| | - Deepak Badgurjar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Tehsil: Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan — 305817, India
| | - Govind Reddy
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Kanika Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Tehsil: Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer, Rajasthan — 305817, India
| | - Vijendar Reddy Karla
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkona, Warangal — 506004, India
| | - Anjaiah Boligorla
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkona, Warangal — 506004, India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, New Delhi 201002, India
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