1
|
Zhao Q, Han B, Peng C, Zhang N, Huang W, He G, Li JL. A promising future of metal-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes in medicinal chemistry: The emerging bioorganometallic antitumor agents. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38591229 DOI: 10.1002/med.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes based on N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have emerged as promising broad-spectrum antitumor agents in bioorganometallic medicinal chemistry. In recent decades, studies on cytotoxic metal-NHC complexes have yielded numerous compounds exhibiting superior cytotoxicity compared to cisplatin. Although the molecular mechanisms of these anticancer complexes are not fully understood, some potential targets and modes of action have been identified. However, a comprehensive review of their biological mechanisms is currently absent. In general, apoptosis caused by metal-NHCs is common in tumor cells. They can cause a series of changes after entering cells, such as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) variation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cytochrome c (cyt c) release, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosome damage, and caspase activation, ultimately leading to apoptosis. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the influence of metal-NHCs on cancer cell apoptosis is crucial. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent advances in metal-NHC complexes that trigger apoptotic cell death via different apoptosis-related targets or signaling pathways, including B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2 family), p53, cyt c, ER stress, lysosome damage, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibition, and so forth. We also discuss the challenges, limitations, and future directions of metal-NHC complexes to elucidate their emerging application in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology & Venerolog, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology & Venerolog, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Anti-Infective Agent Creation Engineering Research Centre of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-Arce E, Gavrilov E, Alvite X, Nayeem N, León IE, Neary MC, Otero L, Gambino D, Olea Azar C, Contel M. 5-Nitrofuryl-Containing Thiosemicarbazone Gold(I) Compounds: Synthesis, Stability Studies, and Anticancer Activity. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300115. [PMID: 37191319 PMCID: PMC10651801 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the synthesis of four gold(I) [AuClL] compounds containing chloro and biologically active protonated thiosemicarbazones based on 5-nitrofuryl (L=HSTC). The stability of the compounds in dichloromethane, DMSO, and DMSO/culture media solutions was investigated by spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and conductimetry, indicating the formation overtime of cationic monometallic [Au(HTSC)(DMSO)]± or [Au(HTSC)2 ]± , and/or dimeric species. Neutral [{Au(TSC)}2 ] species were obtained from one of the compounds in dichlomethane/n-hexane solution and characterized by X-ray crystallography revealing a Au-Au bond, and deprotonated thiosemicarbazone (TSC). The cytotoxicity of the gold compounds and thiosemicarbazone ligands was evaluated against selected cancer cell lines and compared to that of Auranofin. Studies of the most stable, cytotoxic, and selective compound on a renal cancer cell line (Caki-1) demonstrated its relevant antimigratory and anti-angiogenic properties, and preferential accumulation in the cell nuclei. Its mode of action seems to involve interaction with DNA, and subsequent cell death via apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Rodríguez-Arce
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemistry and Brooklyn College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eric Gavrilov
- Department of Chemistry and Brooklyn College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Ximena Alvite
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nazia Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry and Brooklyn College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
- Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ignacio E León
- Department of Chemistry and Brooklyn College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
- CEQUINOR (CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N° 1465, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Michelle C Neary
- Chemistry Department, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lucía Otero
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudio Olea Azar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry and Brooklyn College Cancer Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
- Biology, Biochemistry, and Chemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kundu K, Musso JV, Benedikter MJ, Frey W, Gugeler K, Kästner J, Buchmeiser MR. Neutral and Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Cyclic Alkyl Amino Carbene (CAAC) Complexes for Olefin Metathesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301818. [PMID: 37366606 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The first neutral and cationic Mo imido alkylidene cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) complexes of the general formulae [Mo(N-Ar)(CHCMe2 Ph)(X)2 (CAAC)] and [Mo(N-Ar)(CHCMe2 Ph)(X)(CAAC)][B(ArF )4 ] (X=Br, Cl, OTf, OC6 F5 ; CAAC=1-(2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 )-3,3,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydropyrrol-2-ylidene) have been synthesized from molybdenum imido bishalide alkylidene DME precursors. Different combinations of the imido and "X" ligands have been employed to understand synthetic peculiarities. Selected complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Due to the pronounced σ-donor/π-acceptor characteristics of CAACs, the corresponding neutral and cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene CAAC complexes do not require the presence of stabilizing donor ligands such as nitriles. Calculations on the PBE0-D3BJ/def2-TZVP level for PBE0-D3BJ/def2-SVP optimized geometries revealed partial charges at molybdenum similar to the corresponding molybdenum imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes with a slightly higher polarization of the molybdenum alkylidene bond in the CAAC complexes. All cationic complexes have been tested in olefin metathesis reactions and showed improved activity compared to the analogous NHC complexes for hydrocarbon-based substrates, allowing for turnover numbers (TONs) up to 9500 even at room temperature. Some Mo imido alkylidene CAAC complexes are tolerant towards functional groups like thioethers and sulfonamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushani Kundu
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Janis V Musso
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathis J Benedikter
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katrin Gugeler
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael R Buchmeiser
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research (DITF), Körschtalstr. 26, 73770, Denkendorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moreno-Alcántar G, Picchetti P, Casini A. Gold Complexes in Anticancer Therapy: From New Design Principles to Particle-Based Delivery Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218000. [PMID: 36847211 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the medicinal properties of gold complexes has fuelled the design and synthesis of new anticancer metallodrugs, which have received special attention due to their unique modes of action. Current research in the development of gold compounds with therapeutic properties is predominantly focused on the molecular design of drug leads with superior pharmacological activities, e.g., by introducing targeting features. Moreover, intensive research aims at improving the physicochemical properties of gold compounds, such as chemical stability and solubility in the physiological environment. In this regard, the encapsulation of gold compounds in nanocarriers or their chemical grafting onto targeted delivery vectors could lead to new nanomedicines that eventually reach clinical applications. Herein, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art progress of gold anticancer compounds, andmore importantly we thoroughly revise the development of nanoparticle-based delivery systems for gold chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreno-Alcántar
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Pierre Picchetti
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tyagi A, Mondal S, Anmol, Tiwari V, Karmakar T, Kundu S. Understanding cyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene-copper complex catalysed N-H and O-H bond addition to electron deficient olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:110-113. [PMID: 36477167 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hydroamination of electron-deficient olefins was carried out using the (CAAC)Cu-Cl (CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene) catalyst with an excellent yield at room temperature and under an open atmosphere. Furthermore, the catalyst shows excellent efficiency in the hydroaryloxylation and hydroalkoxylation of alkenes under mild conditions. The efficiency of the catalyst was tested for a wide range of substrates with different electronic and steric functionalities. Detailed computational studies have been carried out to understand the mechanism of these Cu(I) catalyzed reactions, which revealed that the reaction proceeds via either a four-membered or a six-membered cyclic transition state containing the copper ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshi Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Sunita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Anmol
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Vikas Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Tarak Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Li Y, Fang R, Wei W, Wang Y, Jin J, Yang F, Chen J. Organometallic gold(I) and gold(III) complexes for lung cancer treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979951. [PMID: 36176441 PMCID: PMC9513137 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal compounds, especially gold complexes, have recently gained increasing attention as possible lung cancer therapeutics. Some gold complexes display not only excellent activity in cisplatin-sensitive lung cancer but also in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer, revealing promising prospects in the development of novel treatments for lung cancer. This review summarizes examples of anticancer gold(I) and gold (III) complexes for lung cancer treatment, including mechanisms of action and approaches adopted to improve their efficiency. Several excellent examples of gold complexes against lung cancer are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juzheng Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yanping Li
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ronghao Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiamin Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Yang, mailto:, Jian Chen, mailto:
| | - Jian Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Yang, mailto:, Jian Chen, mailto:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Volk J, Heinz M, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Bens T, Sarkar B, Holthausen MC, Siemeling U. A crystalline cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene with a 1,1'-ferrocenylene backbone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10396-10399. [PMID: 36039867 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes with a 1,1'-ferrocenylene backbone (fcCAACs) are established as an original family by the preparation of a crystalline congener. The Ccarbene bond angle is unprecedentedly wide for a CAAC, causing an exceptionally pronounced ambiphilicity. The redox-active backbone opens the door to unconventional metalloradicals and oligoradicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Volk
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Myron Heinz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Leibold
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bens
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 50659 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 50659 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou L, Peng L, Ji J, Ma W, Hu J, Wu Y, Geng J, Hu X. Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene-copper supported on SBA-15 as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to formate. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Roesky HW, Kushvaha SK, Mishra A, Mondal KC. Recent advances in the domain of Cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202101301. [PMID: 34989475 PMCID: PMC9307053 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of cyclic (alkyl) amino carbenes (cAACs) in 2005 has been a major achievement in the field of stable carbenes due to their better electronic properties. cAACs and bicyclic(alkyl)(amino)carbene (BicAAC) in essence are the most electrophilic as well as nucleophilic carbenes are known till date. Due to their excellent electronic properties in terms of nucleophilic and electrophilic character, cAACs have been utilized in different areas of chemistry, including stabilization of low valent main group and transition metal species, activation of small molecules, and catalysis. The applications of cAACs in catalysis have opened up new avenues of research in the field of cAAC chemistry. This review summarizes the major results of cAAC chemistry published until August 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert W Roesky
- Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen, Department of Chemistry, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, GERMANY
| | | | - Ankush Mishra
- IIT Madras: Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chemistry, INDIA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligands: Electronic structure and application as chemically- and redox-non-innocent ligands and chromophores. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Zhou L, Yao C, Ma W, Hu J, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Hu X. CO2 hydrogenation to formate catalyzed by highly stable and recyclable carbene-iridium under mild condition. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Shibahara F, Shibata Y, Murai T. Imidazo[1,5- a]pyridinylidenes as π-Accepting NHC Ligands in Catalysis. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumitoshi Shibahara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshifuru Shibata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Murai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van der Westhuizen D, Bezuidenhout DI, Munro OQ. Cancer molecular biology and strategies for the design of cytotoxic gold(I) and gold(III) complexes: a tutorial review. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17413-17437. [PMID: 34693422 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review highlights key principles underpinning the design of selected metallodrugs to target specific biological macromolecules (DNA and proteins). The review commences with a descriptive overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and the molecular biology of cancer, particularly apoptosis, which is provided as a necessary foundation for the discovery, design, and targeting of metal-based anticancer agents. Drugs which target DNA have been highlighted and clinically approved metallodrugs discussed. A brief history of the development of mainly gold-based metallodrugs is presented prior to addressing ligand systems for stabilizing and adding functionality to bio-active gold(I) and gold(III) complexes, particularly in the burgeoning field of anticancer metallodrugs. Concepts such as multi-modal and selective cytotoxic agents are covered where necessary for selected compounds. The emerging role of carbenes as the ligand system of choice to achieve these goals for gold-based metallodrug candidates is highlighted prior to closing the review with comments on some future directions that this research field might follow. The latter section ultimately emphasizes the importance of understanding the fate of metal complexes in cells to garner key mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle van der Westhuizen
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Daniela I Bezuidenhout
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Orde Q Munro
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|