1
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Rajput S, Sahoo RK, Sarkar N, Nembenna S. Gallium Hydride-Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of Unsaturated Organic Substrates. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300737. [PMID: 38437065 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The first examples of tetrasubstituted conjugated bis-guanidinate (CBG) supported monomeric and thermally stable gallium dihalides [LGaX2], (X=Cl (Ga-Cl), I (Ga-I)) and dihydride (Ga-H) [LGaH2] (where L={(ArHN)(ArN)-C=N-C=(NAr)(NHAr)}; Ar=2,6-Et2-C6H3) compounds are reported. The reaction of in situ generated LLi with 1.0 equiv. GaX3 (X=Cl, I) afforded compounds Ga-Cl and Ga-I. The reaction between Ga-Cl and Li[HBEt3] in benzene yielded the dihydride compound Ga-H. All reported compounds (Ga-Cl, Ga-I, and Ga-H) were characterized by NMR, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Ga-H was probed for the hydroboration of carbodiimides (CDI), isocyanates, and isothiocyanates with HBpin. Compound Ga-H was also found effective for the catalytic hydroboration of imines, nitriles, alkynes, esters, and formates, affording the corresponding products in quantitative yields. Stoichiometric reactions with a CDI were performed to establish the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagrika Rajput
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Rajata Kumar Sahoo
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Nabin Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Sharanappa Nembenna
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
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2
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Koptseva TS, Skatova AA, Ketkov SY, Rychagova EA, Rumyantcev RV, Fedushkin IL. Hydroboration of a Diolate Complex Obtained by Carbon Dioxide Capture with Acenaphthenediimine Aluminum Hydride. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S. Koptseva
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A. Skatova
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Yu. Ketkov
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A. Rychagova
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Roman V. Rumyantcev
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
| | - Igor L. Fedushkin
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russian Federation
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3
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Morris LJ, Mahawar P, Okuda J. Hydroboration and Deoxygenation of CO 2 Mediated by a Gallium(I) Cation. J Org Chem 2022; 88:5090-5096. [PMID: 36413220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroboration of CO2 to formoxy borane occurs under ambient conditions in acetonitrile using pinacolborane HBpin in the presence of gallium(I) cation [(Me4TACD)Ga][BAr4] (1; Me4TACD = N,N',N″,N'''-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane; Ar = C6H3-3,5-Me2). Slow turnover was accompanied by side reactions including ligand scrambling of HBpin to give BH3(CH3CN) and crystalline B2pin3. When 1 was reacted with CO2 alone, the formation of the gallium(III) carbonato complex [(Me4TACD)Ga(κ2-O2CO)][BAr4] (3) along with CO was observed. This complex was assumed to form via the unstable oxido cation [(Me4TACD)Ga=O]+ (4). Reaction of 1 with N2O in the presence of BPh3 confirmed the formation of the oxido cation, which was spectroscopically characterized as a triphenylborane adduct [(Me4TACD)Ga=O(BPh3)][BAr4] (4·BPh3). CO was also detected when CO2 was reacted with 1 in the presence of HBpin, suggesting that compound 3 may also be formed in initial stages of catalysis. Compound 3 reacts with HBpin to give formoxy borane, borane redistribution products, and an unidentified Me4TACD-containing species 5, which was also observed in "catalytic" runs starting from 1, HBpin, and CO2. Hydroboration of CO2 using HBpin with slow turnover and competitive ligand scrambling was also observed in the presence of gallium(III) hydride dication [(Me4TACD)GaH][BAr4]2 (2), which is unreactive toward CO2 in the absence of HBpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Morris
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Pritam Mahawar
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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4
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Zhao S, Liang H, Hu X, Li S, Daasbjerg K. Challenges and Prospects in the Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Formaldehyde. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204008. [PMID: 36066469 PMCID: PMC9827866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a crucial C1 building block for daily-life commodities in a wide range of industrial processes. Industrial production of HCHO today is based on energy- and cost-intensive gas-phase catalytic oxidation of methanol, which calls for exploring other and more sustainable ways of carrying out this process. Utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) as precursor presents a promising strategy to simultaneously mitigate the carbon footprint and alleviate environmental issues. This Minireview summarizes recent progress in CO2 -to-HCHO conversion using hydrogenation, hydroboration/hydrosilylation as well as photochemical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and enzymatic approaches. The active species, reaction intermediates, and mechanistic pathways are discussed to deepen the understanding of HCHO selectivity issues. Finally, shortcomings and prospects of the various strategies for sustainable reduction of CO2 to HCHO are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhao
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) CO2 Research CenterDepartment of Chemistry/Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Hong‐Qing Liang
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Xin‐Ming Hu
- Environment Research InstituteShandong UniversityBinhai Road 72Qingdao266237China
| | - Simin Li
- School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P.R. China
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) CO2 Research CenterDepartment of Chemistry/Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus UniversityLangelandsgade 1408000Aarhus CDenmark
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5
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Borane reduction of carbon dioxide bound to diimine-supported aluminum hydrides. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Ruccolo S, Sambade D, Shlian DG, Amemiya E, Parkin G. Catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by a zinc hydride compound, [Tptm]ZnH, and conversion to the methanol level. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5868-5877. [PMID: 35343979 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The zinc hydride compound, [Tptm]ZnH, may achieve the reduction of CO2 by (RO)3SiH (R = Me, Et) to the methanol oxidation level, (MeO)xSi(OR)4-x, via the formate species, HCO2Si(OR)3. However, because insertion of CO2 into the Zn-H bond is more facile than insertion of HCO2Si(OR)3, conversion of HCO2Si(OR)3 to the methanol level only occurs to a significant extent in the absence of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ruccolo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - David Sambade
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Daniel G Shlian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Erika Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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7
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Barthélemy A, Glootz K, Scherer H, Hanske A, Krossing I. Ga +-catalyzed hydrosilylation? About the surprising system Ga +/HSiR 3/olefin, proof of oxidation with subvalent Ga + and silylium catalysis with perfluoroalkoxyaluminate anions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:439-453. [PMID: 35126976 PMCID: PMC8729802 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05331k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Already 1 mol% of subvalent [Ga(PhF)2]+[pf]- ([pf]- = [Al(ORF)4]-, RF = C(CF3)3) initiates the hydrosilylation of olefinic double bonds under mild conditions. Reactions with HSiMe3 and HSiEt3 as substrates efficiently yield anti-Markovnikov and anti-addition products, while bulkier substrates such as HSiiPr3 are less reactive. Investigating the underlying mechanism by gas chromatography and STEM analysis, we unexpectedly found that H2 and metallic Ga0 formed. Without the addition of olefins, the formation of R3Si-F-Al(ORF)3 (R = alkyl), a typical degradation product of the [pf]- anion in the presence of a small silylium ion, was observed. Electrochemical analysis revealed a surprisingly high oxidation potential of univalent [Ga(PhF)2]+[pf]- in weakly coordinating, but polar ortho-difluorobenzene of E 1/2(Ga+/Ga0; oDFB) = +0.26-0.37 V vs. Fc+/Fc (depending on the scan rate). Apparently, subvalent Ga+, mainly known as a reductant, initially oxidizes the silane and generates a highly electrophilic, silane-supported, silylium ion representing the actual catalyst. Consequently, the [Ga(PhF)2]+[pf]-/HSiEt3 system also hydrodefluorinates C(sp3)-F bonds in 1-fluoroadamantane, 1-fluorobutane and PhCF3 at room temperature. In addition, both catalytic reactions may be initiated using only 0.2 mol% of [Ph3C]+[pf]- as a silylium ion-generating initiator. These results indicate that silylium ion catalysis is possible with the straightforward accessible weakly coordinating [pf]- anion. Apparently, the kinetics of hydrosilylation and hydrodefluorination are faster than that of anion degradation under ambient conditions. These findings open up new windows for main group catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Annaleah Hanske
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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Sigmund LM, Engels E, Richert N, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrolato gallate: square planar-coordinated gallium( iii) and its metal–ligand cooperative reactivity with CO 2 and alcohols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11215-11220. [PMID: 36320463 PMCID: PMC9516954 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03054c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forcing a priori tetracoordinate atoms into planar configuration represents a promising concept for enhanced reactivity of p-block element-based systems. Herein, the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of calix[4]pyrrolato gallates, constituting square planar-coordinated gallium(iii) atoms, are reported. Unusual structural constraint-induced Lewis acidity against neutral and anionic donors is disclosed by experiment and rationalized by computations. An energetically balanced dearomatization/rearomatization of a pyrrole unit enables fully reversible metal–ligand cooperative capture of CO2. While alcohols are found unreactive against the gallates, a rapid and selective OH-bond activation can be triggered upon protonation of the ligand. Secondary ligand–sphere modification adds a new avenue to structurally-constrained complexes that unites functional group tolerance with unconventional reactivity. Ideally square-planar coordinated gallium(iii) species is isolated and fully characterized. Spontaneous metal–ligand cooperative reactivity towards CO2 is observed, while OH-bond activation of alcohols can be triggered by protonation of the ligand.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M. Sigmund
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Eliane Engels
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nick Richert
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Freie Universität Berlin, Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany
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9
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Koptseva TS, Moskalev MV, Skatova AA, Rumyantcev RV, Fedushkin IL. Reduction of CO 2 with Aluminum Hydrides Supported with Ar-BIAN Radical-Anions (Ar-BIAN = 1,2-Bis(arylimino)acenaphthene). Inorg Chem 2021; 61:206-213. [PMID: 34949085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of H2AlCl with [(dpp-Bian)Na(Et2O)n] and [(ArBIG-Bian)Na(THF)] produce respective aluminum hydrides supported by radical-anionic 1,2-bis(arylimino)acenaphthene ligands, [(dpp-Bian)AlH2] (1) and [(ArBIG-Bian)AlH2(THF)] (2) (dpp-Bian = 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene); ArBIG-Bian = 1,2-bis[(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene). The reaction of 1 with CO2 proceeds with reduction of both C═O bonds and results in diolate [{(dpp-Bian)Al(μ-O2CH2)}2] (3). Complex 2 reacts with CO2 to carbonate [{(ArBIG-Bian)Al(μ-OCH2OCO2)}2] (4) that is a result of the insertion of CO2 into the Al-O bond in diolate species formed initially. Aluminum monohydrides [(dpp-Bian)AlH(X)] (X = Cl, 5; Me, 6) react with CO2 to form respective alumoxanes [{(dpp-Bian)AlX}2(μ-O)] (X = Cl, 7 and X = Me, 8). Compounds 1-4, 7, and 8 have been characterized by ESR and IR spectroscopy, and their molecular structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana S Koptseva
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina street 49, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Moskalev
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina street 49, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A Skatova
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina street 49, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Roman V Rumyantcev
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina street 49, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina street 49, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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10
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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11
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Liu L, Lo SK, Smith C, Goicoechea JM. Pincer-Supported Gallium Complexes for the Catalytic Hydroboration of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carbon Dioxide. Chemistry 2021; 27:17379-17385. [PMID: 34623001 PMCID: PMC9297891 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gallium hydrides stabilised by primary and secondary amines are scarce due to their propensity to eliminate dihydrogen. Consequently, their reactivity has received limited attention. The synthesis of two novel gallium hydride complexes HGa(THF)[ON(H)O] and H2Ga[μ2‐ON(H)O]Ga[ON(H)O] ([ON(H)O]2−=N,N‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐phenoxy)amine) is described and their reactivity towards aldehydes and ketones is explored. These reactions afford alkoxide‐bridged dimers through 1,2‐hydrogallation reactions. The gallium hydrides can be regenerated through Ga−O/B−H metathesis from the reaction of such dimers with pinacol borane (HBpin) or 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN). These observations allowed us to target the catalytic reduction of carbonyl substrates (aldehydes, ketones and carbon dioxide) with low catalyst loadings at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Siu-Kwan Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Cory Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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12
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Bourque JL, Nanni RA, Biesinger MC, Baines KM. Synthesis and Reactivity of Cationic Gallium(I) [12]Crown-4 Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14713-14720. [PMID: 34542994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and reactivity of a gallium(I) cationic complex using [12]crown-4 as a stabilizing ligand were explored. The synthesis of [Ga([12]crown-4)][GaCl4] was achieved in one step from commercially available starting materials. Anion exchange was utilized to replace the reactive tetrachlorogallate anion for the perfluorophenylborate anion. [Ga([12]crown-4)][B(C6F5)4] was analyzed using XPS, which allowed for the classification of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex as electron-deficient. Reactions of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex with Cp*K and cryptand[2.2.2] demonstrated the facile synthesis of a known gallium(I) compound as well as the generation of new gallium(I) complexes, highlighting the use of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex as an effective starting material for new gallium(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Robert A Nanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Mark C Biesinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.,Surface Science Western, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 0J3
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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13
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Protchenko AV, Fuentes MÁ, Hicks J, McManus C, Tirfoin R, Aldridge S. Reactions of a diborylstannylene with CO 2 and N 2O: diboration of carbon dioxide by a main group bis(boryl) complex. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9059-9067. [PMID: 33973614 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of the boryl-substituted stannylene Sn{B(NDippCH)2}2 (1) with carbon dioxide have been investigated and shown to proceed via pathways involving insertion into the Sn-B bond(s). In the first instance this leads to formation of the (boryl)tin(ii) borylcarboxylate complex Sn{B(NDippCH)2}{O2CB(NDippCH)2} (2), which has been structurally characterized and shown to feature a κ2 mode of coordination of the [(HCDippN)2BCO2]- ligand at the metal centre. 2 undergoes B-O reductive elimination in hexane solution (in the absence of further CO2) to give the boryl(borylcarboxylate)ester {(HCDippN)2B}O2C{B(NDippCH)2} (3) i.e. the product of formal diboration of carbon dioxide. Alternatively, 2 can assimilate a second equivalent of CO2 to give the homoleptic bis(borylcarboxylate) Sn{O2CB(NDippCH)2}2 (4), which can be prepared via an alternative route from SnBr2 and the potassium salt of [(HCDippN)2BCO2]-, and structurally characterized as its DMAP (N,N-dimethylaminopyridine) adduct. Structural and reactivity studies also point to the possibility for extrusion of CO from the [(HCDippN)2BCO2]- fragment to generate the boryloxy system [(HCDippN)2BO]-, a ligand which can be generated directly from 1via reaction with N2O. The initially formed unsymmetrical species Sn{B(NDippCH)2}{OB(NDippCH)2} has been shown to be amenable to crystallographic study in the solid state, but to undergo ligand redistribution in solution to generate a mixture of 1 and the bis(boryloxy) complex Sn{OB(NDippCH)2}2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Rémi Tirfoin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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