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Ren S, Yassar A. Recent Research Progress in Indophenine-Based-Functional Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Optoelectronic Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2474. [PMID: 36984354 PMCID: PMC10056103 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights selected examples, published in the last three to four years, of recent advance in the design, synthesis, properties, and device performance of quinoidal π-conjugated materials. A particular emphasis is placed on emerging materials, such as indophenine dyes that have the potential to enable high-performance devices. We specifically discuss the recent advances and design guidelines of π-conjugated quinoidal molecules from a chemical standpoint. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this review is the first compilation of literature on indophenine-based semiconducting materials covering their scope, limitations, and applications. In the first section, we briefly introduce some of the organic electronic devices that are the basic building blocks for certain applications involving organic semiconductors (OSCs). We introduce the definition of key performance parameters of three organic devices: organic field effect transistors (OFET), organic photovoltaics (OPV), and organic thermoelectric generators (TE). In section two, we review recent progress towards the synthesis of quinoidal semiconducting materials. Our focus will be on indophenine family that has never been reviewed. We discuss the relationship between structural properties and energy levels in this family of molecules. The last section reports the effect of structural modifications on the performance of devices: OFET, OPV and TE. In this review, we provide a general insight into the association between the molecular structure and electronic properties in quinoidal materials, encompassing both small molecules and polymers. We also believe that this review offers benefits to the organic electronics and photovoltaic communities, by shedding light on current trends in the synthesis and progression of promising novel building blocks. This can provide guidance for synthesizing new generations of quinoidal or diradical materials with tunable optoelectronic properties and more outstanding charge carrier mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Ren
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institution, Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin, Guangdong 519000, China;
| | - Abderrahim Yassar
- LPICM, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Badía-Domínguez I, Canola S, Hernández Jolín V, López Navarrete JT, Sancho-García JC, Negri F, Ruiz Delgado MC. Tuning the Diradical Character of Indolocarbazoles: Impact of Structural Isomerism and Substitution Position. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6003-6010. [PMID: 35737902 PMCID: PMC9272443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a set of 10 positional indolocarbazole (ICz) isomers substituted with dicyanomethylene groups connected via para or meta positions are computationally investigated with the aim of exploring the efficiency of structural isomerism and substitution position in controlling their optical and electronic properties. Unrestricted density functional theory (DFT), a spin-flip time-dependent DFT approach, and the multireference CASSCF/NEVPT2 method have been applied to correlate the diradical character with the energetic trends (i.e., singlet-triplet energy gaps). In addition, the nucleus-independent chemical shift together with ACID plots and Raman intensity calculations were used to strengthen the relationship between the diradical character and (anti)aromaticity. Our study reveals that the substitution pattern and structural isomerism represent a very effective way to tune the diradical properties in ICz-based systems with meta-substituted systems with a V-shaped structure displaying the largest diradical character. Thus, this work contributes to the elucidation of the challenging chemical reactivity and physical properties of diradicaloid systems, guiding experimental chemists to produce new molecules with desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Badía-Domínguez
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sofia Canola
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Víctor Hernández Jolín
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Zhang R, Ellern A, Winter AH. Steric Hindrance Favors σ Dimerization over π Dimerization for Julolidine Dicyanomethyl Radicals. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1507-1511. [PMID: 34985897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metastable radicals exist in a steady-state equilibrium in solution with dimers, which can be either σ dimers or π dimers. Here, we show that steric hindrance at the para position causes julolidine-derived dicyanomethyl radicals to form σ dimers rather than π dimers, the opposite behavior as seen in other carbon-centered radicals, where steric hindrance typically favors pimerization. The change in dimerization mode can be attributed to weaker London dispersion forces and a decreased orbital overlap in the sterically hindered dicyanomethyl radical π dimers, while the bulky groups exert relatively little effect on the energy of the σ dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1651 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arkady Ellern
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1651 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1651 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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Zhang R, Ellern A, Winter AH. Anti-Aromaticity Relief as an Approach to Stabilize Free Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25082-25088. [PMID: 34528379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy to stabilize free radicals electronically is described by conjugating formally antiaromatic substituents to the free radical. With an antiaromatic substituent, the radical acts as an electron sink to allow configuration mixing of a low-energy zwitterionic state that provides antiaromaticity relief to the substituent. A combination of X-ray crystallography, VT-EPR and VT-UV/Vis spectroscopy, as well as computational analysis, was used to investigate this phenomenon. We find that this strategy of antiaromaticity relief is successful at stabilizing radicals, but only if the antiaromatic substituent is constrained to be planar by synthetically imposed conformational restraints that enable state mixing. This work leads to the counterintuitive finding that increasing the antiaromaticity of the radical substituent leads to greater radical stability, providing proof of concept for a new stereoelectronic approach for stabilizing free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Arkady Ellern
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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Zhang R, Ellern A, Winter AH. Anti‐Aromaticity Relief as an Approach to Stabilize Free Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University 1605 Gilman Hall Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Arkady Ellern
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University 1605 Gilman Hall Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University 1605 Gilman Hall Ames IA 50010 USA
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Omist A, Ricci G, Derradji A, Pérez-Jiménez AJ, San-Fabián E, Olivier Y, Sancho-García JC. peri-Acenoacene molecules: tuning of the singlet and triplet excitation energies by modifying their radical character. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24016-24028. [PMID: 34664570 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The energy difference between singlet and triplet excitons, or ΔEST, is a key parameter for novel light-emission mechanisms (i.e., TADF or thermally activated delayed fluorescence) or other photoactivated processes. We have studied a set of conjugated molecules (peri-acenoacenes and their heteroatom-doped analogues) to observe the evolution of their excited-state properties upon increasing the system size with and without substitution with a pair of N atoms. Since these molecules exhibit a (ground-state) diradicaloid character, together with marked correlation effects influencing the excited-states formed, we have applied a variety of theoretical methods (FT-DFT, TD-DFT, SF-TD-DFT, CIS, CIS(D), SCS-CC2, SA-CASSCF, and SC-NEVPT2) to bracket the accuracy of the results while concomitantly providing insights into electronic structure. The results show how this chemical strategy (N-doping) largely modifies not only the excited-state energies but also the oscillator strengths and the ΔEST values, constituting versatile platforms for fine-tuned photophysical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Omist
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - G Ricci
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solid, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - A Derradji
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - A J Pérez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - E San-Fabián
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Y Olivier
- Unité de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale & Laboratoire de Physique du Solid, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - J C Sancho-García
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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