1
|
Masilamani G, Krishna GR, Debnath S, Bedi A. Origin of Optoelectronic Contradictions in 3,4-Cycloalkyl[ c]-chalcogenophenes: A Computational Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4240. [PMID: 37959920 PMCID: PMC10650045 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The planar morphology of the backbone significantly contributes to the subtle optoelectronic features of π-conjugated polymers. On the other hand, the atomistic tuning of an otherwise identical π-backbone could also impact optoelectronic properties systematically. In this manuscript, we compare a series of 3,4-cycloalkylchalcogenophenes by tuning them atomistically using group-16 elements. Additionally, the effect of systematically extending these building blocks in the form of oligomers and polymers is studied. The size of the 3,4-substitution affected the morphology of the oligomers. In addition, the heteroatoms contributed to a further alteration in their geometry and resultant optoelectronic properties. The chalcogenophenes, containing smaller 3,4-cycloalkanes, resulted in lower bandgap oligomers or polymers compared to those with larger 3,4-cycloalkanes. Natural bonding orbital (NBO) calculations were performed to understand the disparity alongside the contour maps of frontier molecular orbitals (FMO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Masilamani
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Gamidi Rama Krishna
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR—National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sashi Debnath
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anjan Bedi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comí M, Moncho S, Attar S, Barłóg M, Brothers E, Bazzi HS, Al-Hashimi M. Structural-Functional Properties of Asymmetric Fluoro-Alkoxy Substituted Benzothiadiazole Homopolymers with Flanked Chalcogen-Based Heterocycles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200731. [PMID: 36285613 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of asymmetric alkoxy- are reported, fluoro-benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptor core derivatized with a series of six different heterocycles (selenophene, thiophene, furan, 5-thiazole, 2-thiazole and 2-oxazole). The effect of the flanked-heterocycles containing different chalcogen atoms of the six homopolymers (HPX) is studied using optical, thermal, electrochemical, and computational analysis. Computational calculations indicate a strong relationship between the most stable conformation for each homopolymer and their bearing heterocycle, thus homopolymers HPSe', HPTp', HPFu', and HPTzC5, adopted the syn-syn and syn-anti conformations due to their noncovalent interactions with shorter distances, while HPTzC2' and HPOx' demonstrate preference for the anti-anti conformation. Optical property studies of the homopolymers reveal a strong red-shift in solution and film upon exchanging the chalcogen atom from Oxygen < Sulfur < Selenium in HPFu, HPTp, and HPSe, respectively. In addition, deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels are observed when the donor-acceptor moieties (HPSe, HPTp, and HPFu) are substituted for the acceptor-acceptor systems such as HPTzC5, HPTzC2, and HPOx. Improved packing and morphology are exhibited for the donor-acceptor homopolymers. Thus, having a flanked heterocycle containing different chalcogen-atoms in polymeric systems is one way of tuning the physicochemical properties of conjugated materials for optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Comí
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, P.O. Box 23874, Qatar
| | - Salvador Moncho
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, P.O. Box 23874, Qatar
| | - Salahuddin Attar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, P.O. Box 23874, Qatar
| | - Maciej Barłóg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, P.O. Box 23874, Qatar
| | - Edward Brothers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, P.O. Box 23874, Qatar
| | - Hassan S Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, P.O. Box 23874, Qatar.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, 209 Reed MacDonald Building, College Station, TX, 77843-3003, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, Doha, P.O. Box 23874, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marin-Beloqui JM, Gómez S, Gonev HI, Comí M, Al-Hashimi M, Clarke TM. Truncated conjugation in fused heterocycle-based conducting polymers: when greater planarity does not enhance conjugation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:812-821. [PMID: 36755723 PMCID: PMC9890783 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main assumptions in the design of new conjugated polymer materials for their use in organic electronics is that higher coplanarity leads to greater conjugation along the polymer backbone. Conventionally, a more planar monomer structure induces a larger backbone coplanarity, thus leading to a greater overlap of the carbon π-orbitals and therefore a higher degree of π-electron delocalisation. However, here we present a case that counters the validity of this assumption. Different diselenophene-based polymers were studied where one polymer possesses two selenophene rings fused together to create a more rigid, planar structure. The effects of this greater polymer coplanarity were examined using Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Raman spectra showed a large difference between the vibrational modes of the fused and unfused polymers, indicating very different electronic structures. Resonance Raman spectroscopy confirmed the rigidity of the fused selenophene polymer and also revealed, by studying the excitation profiles of the different bands, the presence of two shorter, uncoupled conjugation pathways. Supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, we have demonstrated that the reason for this lack of conjugation is a distortion of the selenophene rings due to the induced planarity, forming a new truncated conjugation pathway through the selenophene β-position and bypassing the beneficial α-position. This effect was studied using DFT in an ample range of derivatives, where substitution of the selenium atom with other heteroatoms still maintained the same unconventional conjugation-planarity relationship, confirming the generality of this phenomenon. This work establishes an important structure-property relationship for conjugated polymers that will help rational design of more efficient organic electronics materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Marin-Beloqui
- Department of Chemistry, University College London Christopher Ingold Building London WC1H 0AJ UK .,Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga Blvrd Louis Pasteur 31 29010 Malaga Spain
| | - Sandra Gómez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of SalamancaCaidos Sq.37008SalamancaSpain
| | - Hristo Ivov Gonev
- Department of Chemistry, University College London Christopher Ingold Building London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Marc Comí
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at QatarEducation City, P. O. Box 23874DohaQatar
| | - Mohammed Al-Hashimi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at QatarEducation City, P. O. Box 23874DohaQatar
| | - Tracey M. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University College LondonChristopher Ingold BuildingLondon WC1H 0AJUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cholesterol side groups in Helical Poly(3-alkylesterfurans). Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
5
|
Cui K, Li R, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Zhao N, Cui Y, Wu W, Liu T, Xiao Z. Molecular Planarization of Raman Probes to Avoid Background Interference for High-Precision Intraoperative Imaging of Tumor Micrometastases and Lymph Nodes. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9424-9433. [PMID: 36378880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The intraoperative imaging applications of a large number of Raman probes are hampered by the overlap of their signals with the background Raman signals generated by biological tissues. Here, we describe a molecular planarization strategy for adjusting the Raman shift of these Raman probes to avoid interference. Using this strategy, we modify the backbone of thiophene polymer-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and obtain the adjacent thiophene units planarized polycyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene (PCPDT). Compared with P3HT whose signal is disturbed by the Raman signal of lipids in tissues, PCPDT exhibits a 60 cm-1 blueshift in its characteristic signal. Therefore, the PCPDT probe successfully avoids the signal of lipids, and achieves intraoperative imaging of lymph nodes and tumor micrometastasis as small as 0.30 × 0.36 mm. In summary, our study presents a concise molecular planarization strategy for regulating the signal shift of Raman probes, and brings a tunable thiophene polymer probe for high-precision intraoperative Raman imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruike Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanna Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Tize Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hicks GEJ, Cranston RR, Lotocki V, Manion JG, Lessard BH, Seferos DS. Dopant-Stabilized Assembly of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16456-16470. [PMID: 36044779 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymer self-assembly is a powerful approach for forming nanostructures for solution-phase applications. However, polymer semiconductor assembly has primarily been driven by solvent interactions. Here, we report poly(3-hexythiophene) homopolymer assembly driven and stabilized by oxidative doping with iron (III) p-toluenesulfonate in benzonitrile. By this improved method, dopant mol % and addition temperature determine the size and morphology of oxidized polymer nanostructures. The dopant counterion provides colloidal stability in a process of dopant-stabilized assembly (DSA). Each variable governing polymer assembly is systematically varied, revealing general principles of oxidized nanostructure assembly and allowing the polymer planarity, optical absorption, and doping level to be modulated. Oxidized nanostructure heights, lengths, and widths are shown to depend on these properties, which we hypothesize is due to competing nanostructure formation and oxidation mechanisms that are governed by the polymer conformation upon doping. Finally, we demonstrate that the nanoparticle oxidative doping level can be tuned post-formation through sequential dopant addition. By revealing the fundamental processes underlying DSA, this work provides a powerful toolkit to control the assembly and optoelectronic properties of oxidatively doped nanostructures in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garion E J Hicks
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosemary R Cranston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Lotocki
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph G Manion
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoît H Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, M5S 3E5 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye S, Lotocki V, Xu H, Seferos DS. Group 16 conjugated polymers based on furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6442-6474. [PMID: 35843215 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five-membered aromatic rings containing Group 16 elements (O, S, Se, and Te), also referred as chalcogenophenes, are ubiquitous building blocks for π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Among these, polythiophenes have been established as a model system to study the interplay between molecular structure, solid-state organization, and electronic performance. The judicious substitution of alternative heteroatoms into polythiophenes is a promising strategy for tuning their properties and improving the performance of derived organic electronic devices, thus leading to the recent abundance of CPs containing furan, selenophene, and tellurophene. In this review, we first discuss the current status of Kumada, Negishi, Murahashi, Suzuki-Miyaura, and direct arylation polymerizations, representing the best routes to access well-defined chalcogenophene-containing homopolymers and copolymers. The self-assembly, optical, solid-state, and electronic properties of these polymers and their influence on device performance are then summarized. In addition, we highlight post-polymerization modifications as effective methods to transform polychalcogenophene backbones or side chains in ways that are unobtainable by direct polymerization. Finally, the major challenges and future outlook in this field are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Victor Lotocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kawakami M, Schulz KHG, Varni A, Tormena CF, Gil RR, Noonan K. Statistical Copolymers of Thiophene-3-Carboxylates and Selenophene-3-Carboxylates; 77Se NMR as a Tool to Examine Copolymer Sequence in Selenophene-Based Conjugated Polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate that homopolymerization and statistical copolymerization of 2-ethylhexyl thiophene-3-carboxylate and 2-ethylhexyl selenophene-3-carboxylate monomers is possible via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. A commercially available palladium catalyst ([1,3-bis(2,6-di-3-pentylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3-chloropyridyl)dichloropalladium(II) or PEPPSI-IPent) was employed...
Collapse
|
9
|
Mahmood A, Irfan A, Wang JL. Developing Efficient Small Molecule Acceptors with sp 2 -Hybridized Nitrogen at Different Positions by Density Functional Theory Calculations, Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Machine Learning. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103712. [PMID: 34767281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical structure of small molecule acceptors determines their performance in organic solar cells. Multiscale simulations are necessary to avoid trial-and-error based design, ultimately to save time and resources. In current study, the effect of sp2 -hybridized nitrogen substitution at the inner or the outmost position of central core, side chain, and terminal group of small molecule acceptors is investigated using multiscale computational modelling. Quantum chemical analysis is used to study the electronic behavior. Nitrogen substitution at end-capping has significantly decreased the electron-reorganization energy. No big change is observed in transfer integral and excited state behavior. However, nitrogen substitution at terminal group position is good way to improve electron-mobility. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of newly designed acceptors is predicted using machine learning. Molecular dynamics simulations are also performed to explore the dynamics of acceptor and their blends with PBDB-T polymer donor. Florgy-Huggins parameter is calculated to study the mixing of designed small molecule acceptors with PBDB-T. Radial distribution function has indicated that PBDB-T has a closer packing with N3 and N4. From all analysis, it is found that nitrogen substitution at end-capping group is a better strategy to design efficient small molecule acceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mahmood
- Department Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jin-Liang Wang
- Department Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|