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Khor CK, Calhoun LA, Neville JJ, Dyker CA. Experimental and Theoretical Predictors for Redox Potentials of Bispyridinylidene Electron Donors. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400092. [PMID: 38743866 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Bispyridinylidenes are neutral organic molecules capable of two-electron oxidation at a range of redox potentials that are widely tunable by choice of substituent, making them attractive as homogeneous organic reductants and active materials in redox flow batteries. In an effort to readily predict the redox potentials of this important class of compounds, we have developed correlations between the experimental redox potentials and both experimental and theoretical predictors. On the experimental side, we show that multinuclear NMR chemical shifts of related pyridinium ions correlate well with the redox potentials of bispyridinylidenes, with R2 and standard errors (S) reaching 0.9810 and 0.048 V, respectively, when the 13C (N-CH3) and 1H (ortho) chemical shifts are used together. Theoretical studies of the bispyridinylidenes and their doubly oxidized bipyridinium ions gave a range of predictively valuable equations at various levels of computational cost. This ranged from a simple model using only the EHOMO of the bispyridinylidenes (R2=0.9689; S=0.060 V), to a more computationally intensive model which include solvation effects for both redox states which gave the highest predictive value for all methods (R2=0.9958; S=0.022 V). This work will guide further studies of this important class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Keat Khor
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
| | - Larry A Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
| | - John J Neville
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5 A3
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four-Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203064. [PMID: 35298870 PMCID: PMC9325510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel organic redox systems that display multistage redox behaviour are highly sought-after for a series of applications such as organic batteries or electrochromic materials. Here we describe a simple strategy to transfer well-known two-electron redox active bipyridine and phenanthroline architectures into novel strongly reducing four-electron redox systems featuring fully reversible redox events with up to five stable oxidation states. We give spectroscopic and structural insight into the changes involved in the redox-events and present characterization data on all isolated oxidation states. The redox-systems feature strong UV/Vis/NIR polyelectrochromic properties such as distinct strong NIR absorptions in the mixed valence states. Two-electron charge-discharge cycling studies indicate high electrochemical stability at strongly negative potentials, rendering the new redox architectures promising lead structures for multi-electron anolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four‐Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie GERMANY
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str.6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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Spitz C, Bertrand M, Remusat V, Terme T, Vanelle P. Addition of Benzyl Halides to Aldehydes and Imines Using Photoactivated TDAE: Access to 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins, 1,2-Diarylethanols, and 1,2-Diarylcarbamates under Metal-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4483-4488. [PMID: 35258309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein the intermolecular addition reaction of benzyl halides to aldehydes and imines using photoactivated tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) as superphotoreductant. 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins, 1,2-diarylethanols, and 1,2-diarylcarbamates were obtained with good functional group tolerance using simple, mild, and metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Spitz
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Remusat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin - CS 30064, Cedex 05, 13385 Marseille, France
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