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Bastidas Ángel AY, Campos PRO, Alberto EE. Synthetic application of chalcogenonium salts: beyond sulfonium. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:223-236. [PMID: 36503911 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The application of chalcogenonium salts in organic synthesis has grown enormously in the past decades since the discovery of the methyltransferase enzyme cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), featuring a sulfonium center as the reactive functional group. Chalcogenonium salts can be employed as alkylating agents, sources of ylides and carbon-centered radicals, partners for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and organocatalysts. Herein, we will focus the discussion on heavier chalcogenonium salts (selenonium and telluronium), presenting their utility in synthetic organic transformations and, whenever possible, drawing comparisons in terms of reactivity and selectivity with the respective sulfonium analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Y Bastidas Ángel
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Philipe Raphael O Campos
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo E Alberto
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Taylor NP, Gonzalez JA, Nichol GS, García-Domínguez A, Leach AG, Lloyd-Jones GC. A Lewis Base Nucleofugality Parameter, NFB, and Its Application in an Analysis of MIDA-Boronate Hydrolysis Kinetics. J Org Chem 2021; 87:721-729. [PMID: 34928611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of quinuclidine displacement of BH3 from a wide range of Lewis base borane adducts have been measured. Parameterization of these rates has enabled the development of a nucleofugality scale (NFB), shown to quantify and predict the leaving group ability of a range of other Lewis bases. Additivity observed across a number of series R'3-nRnX (X = P, N; R' = aryl, alkyl) has allowed the formulation of related substituent parameters (nfPB, nfAB), providing a means of calculating NFB values for a range of Lewis bases that extends far beyond those experimentally derived. The utility of the nucleofugality parameter is explored by the correlation of the substituent parameter nfPB with the hydrolyses rates of a series of alkyl and aryl MIDA boronates under neutral conditions. This has allowed the identification of MIDA boronates with heteroatoms proximal to the reacting center, showing unusual kinetic lability or stability to hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Taylor
- EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge A Gonzalez
- EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S Nichol
- EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés García-Domínguez
- EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Health Sciences, Stopford Building, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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Micheletti G, Mayer RJ, Cino S, Boga C, Mazzanti A, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Quantification of the Lewis Basicities and Nucleophilicities of 1,3,5‐Tris(dialkylamino)benzenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Micheletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari' Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Robert J. Mayer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Silvia Cino
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari' Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari' Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari' Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C-H and C(sp 3 )- + P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26199-26209. [PMID: 34618394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphonium salts containing C(sp3 )-+ P bonds are among the most utilized reagents in organic synthesis for constructing C-C double bonds. However, their use as C-selective electrophilic groups is rare. Here, we explore an efficient and general transition-metal-free method for sequential chemo- and regioselective C-H and C(sp3 )-+ P bond functionalizations. In the present study, C-H alkylation resulting in the synthesis of benzhydryl triarylphosphonium salts was achieved by one-pot, four-component cross-coupling reactions of simple and commercially available starting materials. The utility of the resulting phosphonium salt building blocks was demonstrated by the chemoselective post-functionalization of benzylic C(sp3 )-+ PPh3 groups to achieve aminations, thiolations, and arylations. In this way, benzhydrylamines, benzhydrylthioethers, and triarylmethanes, structural motifs that are present in many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, are readily accessed. These include the synthesis of two anticancer agents from simple materials in only two to three steps. Additionally, a protocol for late-stage functionalization of bioactive drugs has been developed using benzhydrylphosphonium salts. This new approach should provide novel transformations for application in both academic and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C−H and C(sp
3
)−
+
P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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Maji B, Duan XH, Jüstel PM, Byrne PA, Ofial AR, Mayr H. Nucleophilicities and Nucleofugalities of Thio- and Selenoethers. Chemistry 2021; 27:11367-11376. [PMID: 34002899 PMCID: PMC8456842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rate constants for the reactions of dialkyl chalcogenides with laser flash photolytically generated benzhydrylium ions have been measured photometrically to integrate them into the comprehensive benzhydrylium‐based nucleophilicity scale. Combining these rate constants with the previously reported equilibrium constants for the same reactions provided the corresponding Marcus intrinsic barriers and made it possible to quantify the leaving group abilities (nucleofugalities) of dialkyl sulfides and dimethyl selenide. Due to the low intrinsic barriers, dialkyl chalcogenides are fairly strong nucleophiles (comparable to pyridine and N‐methylimidazole) as well as good nucleofuges; this makes them useful group‐transfer reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Maji
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Patrick M Jüstel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Peter A Byrne
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany.,School of Chemistry, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
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