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Granhøj J, Zalibera M, Malček M, Bliksted Roug Pedersen V, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Mikkelsen KV, Rapta P, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Extended Tetrathiafulvalenes with Fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorene and Diindeno[1,2-b : 1',2'-i]anthracene Cores. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302688. [PMID: 37930277 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In one-dimensional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing five- and six-membered rings fused together, one key question is whether the structures possess a quinoidal or aromatic diradical character. Here, we generate such PAHs by reversible oxidation of PAH-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs). Extended TTFs were thus prepared and studied for their geometrical properties (crystallography), redox properties, and UV/Vis/NIR/EPR characteristics as a function of charge state. The EPR measurements of radical cations showed unique features for each PAH-TTF. The dications, formally composed of fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorene and diindeno[1,2-b:1',2'-i]anthracene cores, were experimentally found to exhibit singlet ground states. For the latter, calculations reveal the closed shell, quinoid singlet state to be isoenergetic with the open shell singlet diradical. Each charge state exhibited unique optical properties with radical cations absorbing strongly in the NIR region with signatures from π-dimers for the large core. The experimental results were paralleled and supported by detailed computations, including spin density distribution calculations, EPR simulations, and nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) xy scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Granhøj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Malček
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Schøttler C, Lund-Rasmussen K, Broløs L, Vinterberg P, Bazikova E, Pedersen VBR, Nielsen MB. Multi-redox indenofluorene chromophores incorporating dithiafulvene donor and ene/enediyne acceptor units. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:59-73. [PMID: 38264453 PMCID: PMC10804541 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Large donor-acceptor scaffolds derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with tunable HOMO and LUMO energies are important for several applications, such as organic photovoltaics. Here, we present a large selection of PAHs based on central indenofluorene (IF) or fluorene cores and containing various dithiafulvene (DTF) donor units that gain aromaticity upon oxidation and a variety of acceptor units, such as vinylic diesters, enediynes, and cross-conjugated radiaannulenes (RAs) that gain aromaticity upon reduction. In some cases, the DTF units are expanded by pyrrolo annelation. The optical and redox properties of these compounds, in some cases carbon-rich, were studied by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Synthetically, the work explores IF diones or fluorenone as central building blocks by subjecting the carbonyl groups to a variety of reactions; that are, phosphite- or Lawesson's reagent-mediated olefination reactions (to introduce DTF motifs), Ramirez/Corey-Fuchs dibromo-olefinations followed by Sonogashira couplings (to introduce enediynes motifs), and Knoevenagel condensations (to introduce the vinylic diester motif). By a subsequent Glaser-Hay coupling reaction, a RA acceptor unit was introduced to provide a DTF-IF-RA donor-acceptor scaffold with a low-energy charge-transfer absorption and multi-redox behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schøttler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Sino-Danish College (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kasper Lund-Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Philip Vinterberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ema Bazikova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Viktor B R Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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3
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Harimoto T, Tadokoro T, Sugiyama S, Suzuki T, Ishigaki Y. Domino-Redox Reaction Induced by An Electrochemically Triggered Conformational Change. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316753. [PMID: 37971082 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a domino-type reaction has been applied in a wide range of fields such as synthetic organic chemistry, material engineering, and life science. To extend the domino concept to redox chemistry, we designed and synthesized a dimeric quinodimethane (QD) with a nonplanar dithiin spacer. The domino-redox properties can be activated by raising the temperature, based on a thermally equilibrated twisted conformation of QD, which has a higher HOMO level that is more readily oxidized. After one QD unit is oxidized (trigger), steric repulsion and electronic interaction between electrophores make the neighboring QD unit adopt a twisted conformation (domino process), which facilitates the following oxidation. Thus, a domino-redox reaction was achieved for the first time by a change in the HOMO level due to a drastic change in the molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Harimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tadokoro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Soichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, North-ward, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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Prajapati B, Ambhore MD, Dang DK, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Gómez-García CJ, Zimmerman PM, Stępień M. Tetrafluorenofulvalene as a sterically frustrated open-shell alkene. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1541-1548. [PMID: 37783726 PMCID: PMC10624625 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Electronic and steric effects are known to greatly influence the structure, characteristics and reactivity of organic compounds. A typical π bond is weakened by oxidation (corresponding to the removal of electrons from bonding orbitals), by reduction (through addition of electrons to antibonding orbitals) and by unpairing of the bonding electrons, such as in the triplet state. Here we describe tetrafluorenofulvalene (TFF), a twisted, open-shell alkene for which these general rules do not hold. Through the synthesis, experimental characterization and computational analysis of its charged species spanning seven redox states, the central alkene bond in TFF is shown to become substantially stronger in the tri- and tetraanion, generated by chemical reduction. Furthermore, although its triplet state contains a weaker alkene bond than the singlet, in the quintet state its bond order increases substantially, yielding a flatter structure. This behaviour originates from the doubly bifurcated topology of the underlying spin system and can be rationalized by the balancing effects of benzenoid aromaticity and spin pairing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duy-Khoi Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna, Spain
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wrocław, Poland.
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Granhøj J, Bliksted Roug Pedersen V, Lundgård Krøll P, Broløs L, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Synthesis of 2-(Methylthio)-1,3-dithioles from 1,3-Dithiole-2-thiones: Important Building Blocks in Tetrathiafulvalene Chemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12853-12856. [PMID: 37610134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
2-(Methylthio)-1,3-dithioles are important heterocyclic compounds used for the preparation of redox-active derivatives of tetrathiafulvalene as they serve as precursors for phosphonate esters that can be employed in Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination reactions. Here, we present a mild and less hazardous method than previous methods for converting readily accessible 1,3-dithiole-2-thiones into 2-(methylthio)-1,3-dithioles by methylation with trimethyl orthoformate and HBF4·Et2O and a subsequent reduction with NaBH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Granhøj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Lundgård Krøll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhu X, Liu F, Ba X, Wu Y. Tandem Suzuki Polymerization/Heck Cyclization Reaction to Form Ladder-Type 9,9'-Bifluorenylidene-Based Conjugated Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3360. [PMID: 37631417 PMCID: PMC10458247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of ladder-type 9,9'-bifluorenylidene-based conjugated polymer is reported. Unlike the typical synthetic strategy, the new designed ladder-type conjugated polymer is achieved via tandem Suzuki polymerization/Heck cyclization reaction in one-pot. In the preparation process, Suzuki polymerization reaction occurred first and then the intramolecular Heck cyclization followed smoothly under the same catalyst Pd(PPh3)4. The model reaction proved that the introduction of iodine (I) for this tandem reaction can effectively control the sequential bond-forming process and inhibit the additional competitive side reactions. Thus, small-molecule model compounds could be obtained in high yields. The successes of the synthesized small molecule and polymer compounds indicate that the Pd-catalyzed tandem reaction may be an effective strategy for improving extended π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (X.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (X.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (X.Z.); (X.B.)
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Henke P, Rindom C, Kanta Aryal U, Frydenlund Jespersen M, Broløs L, Mansø M, Turkovic V, Madsen M, Mikkelsen KV, Ogilby PR, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Imparting Stability to Organic Photovoltaic Components through Molecular Engineering: Mitigating Reactions with Singlet Oxygen. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202202320. [PMID: 36897647 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One key challenge in the development of viable organic photovoltaic devices is to design component molecules that do not degrade during combined exposure to oxygen and light. Such molecules should thus remain comparatively unreactive towards singlet molecular oxygen and not act as photosensitizers for the generation of this undesirable species. Here, novel redox-active chromophores that combine these two properties are presented. By functionalizing indenofluorene-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (IF-TTFs) with cyano groups at the indenofluorene core using Pd-catalyzed cyanation reactions, we find that the reactivity of the exocyclic fulvene carbon-carbon double bonds towards singlet oxygen is considerably reduced. The new cyano-functionalized IF-TTFs were tested in non-fullerene acceptor based organic photovoltaic proof-of-principle devices, revealing enhanced device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Rindom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Um Kanta Aryal
- Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | | | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vida Turkovic
- Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Madsen
- Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Zhu X, Liu F, Ba X, Wu Y. Synthesis of Ladder-Type 9,9'-Bifluorenylidene-Based Conjugated Oligomers via a Pd-Catalyzed Tandem Suzuki Coupling/Heck Cyclization Approach. Org Lett 2022; 24:5851-5854. [PMID: 35904327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For new ladder-type oligomers and polymers with versatile and robust synthetic strategies, in this study, four fully conjugated ladder-type overcrowded 9,9'-bifluorenylidene-based compounds and oligomers (BFY1, BFY2, BFY3, and BFY4) were synthesized via a Pd-catalyzed tandem Suzuki coupling/Heck cyclization reaction. By monomer screening and route optimization, the target products were obtained in high yields and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
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Shi T, Wang X, Xiong Y, Yin G, Liu L, Wang Z. Lawesson's Reagent‐Mediated Deoxygenation Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University No. 199 West Donggang Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University No. 199 West Donggang Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yongxia Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Hengyang Medical School University of South China No. 28 West Changsheng Road Hengyang 421001, Hunan China
| | - Gaofeng Yin
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University No. 199 West Donggang Road Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Linyi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Hengyang Medical School University of South China No. 28 West Changsheng Road Hengyang 421001, Hunan China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University No. 199 West Donggang Road Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Hengyang Medical School University of South China No. 28 West Changsheng Road Hengyang 421001, Hunan China
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