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Chen J, Huang H, Gong W, Chen Y, Dong R, Ren L, Qiu T. Fine-Tuning Electron-Donor Capability in the Basic Anion of Poly(ionic liquid) Frameworks for Revolutionizing Catalytic Synthesis of Ethyl Methyl Carbonate with Both Ultrahigh Catalytic Activity and Selectivity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9233-9243. [PMID: 38623907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) is a crucial solvent extensively utilized in lithium-ion battery electrolytes; the transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) with ethanol is a pivotal reaction for EMC production. However, this reaction faces challenges due to the trade-off between catalytic activity and selectivity from the basic catalysts. In this issue, we report an innovative strategy through fine-tuning the electron-donor capability of the basic phenolate anion ([PhO]) in a novel poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) framework, as synthesized via an alkylation reaction between 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene, biphenyldiimidazole, and N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) to trigger targeted basicity that can directionally catalyze the transesterification of DMC with ethanol, so as to achieve both ultrahigh catalytic activity and selectivity toward EMC. By varying the substituent groups with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating effects on the phenolate anion, the PILs show expected changes in the catalytic performance, following well with the trend of charge density on these substituted phenolate anions. The optimized catalyst [CPIL-CDI][MeOPhO], induced by p-methoxyphenolate anions, allows an extraordinary EMC yield of 72.19% and an EMC selectivity of 91.48% under mild conditions without any process intensifications, suppressing all of the reported catalysts reported to date. Outcomes and approaches shown in this work have the potential to expedite the systematic design of cations and anions within PILs for industrial-scale EMC production through environmentally friendly transesterification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Reactive Distillation, Fujian Province University, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, Fujian, China
| | - Huiyao Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Reactive Distillation, Fujian Province University, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, Fujian, China
| | - Wangquan Gong
- Engineering Research Center of Reactive Distillation, Fujian Province University, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Reactive Distillation, Fujian Province University, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Rong Dong
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Limei Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Hebei 050035, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Reactive Distillation, Fujian Province University, College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, Fujian, China
- Fuzhou University International Joint Laboratory of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
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Rana TRK, Swain A, Rajaraman G. The role of agostic interaction in the mechanism of ethylene polymerisation using Cr(III) half-sandwich complexes: What dictates the reactivity? Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11826-11834. [PMID: 37555755 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02032k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Chromium-based catalysts play a significant role in the production of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, and half-sandwich functionalised-metallocene complexes were proven to be one of the most suitable candidates as catalysts for generating such large polymeric-length olefins. Earlier experimental studies on olefin polymerisation using a series of catalysts such as [L1-2CrCl2] (where L1 = 1-((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)indenyl (1) and L2 = 2-methyl-1-{[4-(yridinene-1-yl)yridine-2-yl]methyl}-1H-indenyl (2)) reveal significant variation where peripheral substitution on the ligand was found to influence the reactivity significantly. However, the specific ligand position that affects the reactivity has not been established. As these reactions are fast and robust, it is challenging to establish reactive intermediates via experiments, and therefore, mechanistic clues for such reactions are elusive. Here we have undertaken a detailed computational study by employing an array of DFT (uB3LYP-D3/def2-TZVP, CASSCF/NEVPT2, and DLPNO-CCSD(T) methods to explore the substituted and non-substituted pyridine-cyclo-pentadienyl chromium complexes and their influence on the catalytic activity in ethylene polymerisation. Our study not only unravels the catalytic pathway for olefin polymerisation for such Cr(III)-half-sandwich complexes but also reveals that the energetics of the formation of pseudo-three-coordinate alkyl intermediates is key to the variation in the reactivity observed. A detailed examination using MO and NBO analysis unveils the presence of a C-H⋯Cr agostic interaction that is found to significantly stabilise this intermediate when the pyridine ligand has strong electron-donating groups at its para position. The other substitutions, such as on the cyclopentadienyl ligand, neither yield the desired stability nor the desired interaction. Further studies on models support this proposal. In order to improve the efficiency and selectivity of catalytic systems in olefin polymerisation, we strongly advocate for the integration of agostic interactions as a crucial criterion in the design of future catalysts. Considering the prevalence of electron-deficient metal centres in successful olefin polymerisation catalysts, this research prompts a broader mechanistic inquiry to propose a unified approach for this industrially crucial reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abinash Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, India.
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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Hansen HB, Krzystek J, Telser J, Swain A, Rajaraman G, Wadepohl H, Enders M. Solid-State Conformational Isomerism Lacking a Gas-Phase Energy Barrier: Its Structural, Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Identification in an Organochromium(III) Complex. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helge-Boj Hansen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Krzystek
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Physical, and Health Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois 60605, United States
| | - Abinash Swain
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Enders
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang D, Zhou S, Liu Y, Kang X, Liu S, Li Z, Braunstein P. Controlling Polyethylene Molecular Weights and Distributions Using Chromium Complexes Supported by SNN-Tridentate Ligands. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shengmei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, CHIMIE UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Cedex Strasbourg, France
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Tian J, Zhang X, Liu S, Li Z. Chromium Complexes Supported by NNO-Tridentate Ligands: An Unprecedent Activity with the Low Requirement of MAO. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of metal catalysts with high activity and thermal stability but low requirement of MAO as cocatalyst is highly desired for polyolefin industrial application. In this contribution, a series...
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