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Li F, Yang R, Tian Z, Du Z, Dai J, Wang X, Li N, Zhang J. Microwave-Assisted One Pot Cascade Conversion of Furfural to γ-Valerolactone over Sc(OTf) 3. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300950. [PMID: 37392150 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is considered as a star biochemical which can be used as a green solvent, fuel additive and versatile organic intermediate. In this study, metal triflate (M(OTf)n ) was utilized as the catalyst for one-pot transformation of furfural (FF) to GVL in alcohol media under microwave irradiation. Alcohol plays multiple functions including solvent, hydrogen donor and alcoholysis reagent in this cascade reaction process. And process efficiency of GVL production from FF upgrading is strongly related to the effective charge density of selected catalyst and the reduction potential of selected alcohol. Complex (OTf)n -M-O(H)R, presenting both Brønsted acid and Lewis acid, is the real catalytic active species in this cascade reaction process. Among various catalysts, Sc(OTf)3 exhibited the best catalytic activity for GVL production. Various reaction parameters including the Sc(OTf)3 amount, reaction temperature and time were optimized by the response surface methodology with the central composite design (RSM-CCD). Up to 81.2 % GVL yield and 100 % FF conversion were achieved at 143.9 °C after 8.1 h in the presence of 0.16 mmol catalyst. This catalyst exhibits high reusability and can be regenerated by oxidative degradation of humins. In addition, a plausible cascade reaction network was proposed based on the distribution of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukun Li
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Ronghe Yang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tian
- Dencare (Chongqing) Oral Care Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Ziting Du
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Jinhang Dai
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, P. R. China
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Cerdan K, Gandara-Loe J, Arnauts G, Vangramberen V, Ginzburg A, Ameloot R, Koos E, Van Puyvelde P. On the gelation of humins: from transient to covalent networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2801-2814. [PMID: 36995046 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01506d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Humins are a by-product of many acid-catalyzed biorefinery processes converting polysaccharides into platform chemicals. The valorization of humin residue to increase the profit of biorefinery operations and reduce waste is a field that is growing interest as the production of humins continues to increase. This includes their valorization in materials science. For successful processing of humin-based materials, this study aims to understand the thermal polymerization mechanisms of humins from a rheological perspective. Thermal crosslinking of raw humins leads to an increase in their molecular weight, which in turn leads to the formation of a gel. Humin's gels structure combines physical (thermally reversible) and chemical (thermally irreversible) crosslinks, and temperature plays an essential role in the crosslink density and the gel properties. High temperatures delay the formation of a gel due to the scission of physicochemical interactions, drastically decreasing their viscosity, whereas upon cooling a stronger gel is formed combining the recovered physicochemical bonds and the newly created chemical crosslinks. Thus, a transition from a supramolecular network to a covalently crosslinked network is observed, and properties such as the elasticity or reprocessability of humin gels are influenced by the stage of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Cerdan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Jesus Gandara-Loe
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vedran Vangramberen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Anton Ginzburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SmaRT), Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erin Koos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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