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Esteve F, Rieu T, Lehn JM. Key structural features to favour imines over hydrates in water: pyridoxal phosphate as a muse. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10408-10415. [PMID: 38994419 PMCID: PMC11234862 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Imination reactions in water represent a challenge not only because of the high propensity of imines to be hydrolysed but also as a result of the competing hydrate formation through H2O addition to the aldehyde. In the present work we report a successful approach that allows for favouring imitation reactions while silencing hydrate formation. Such remarkable reactivity and selectivity can be attained by fine-tuning the electronic and steric structural features of the ortho-substituents of the carbonyl groups. It resulted from studying the structure-reactivity relationships in a series of condensation reactions between different amines and aldehydes, comparing the results to the ones obtained in the presence of the biologically-relevant pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). The key role of negatively-charged and sterically-crowding units (i.e., sulfonate groups) in disfavouring hydrate formation was corroborated by DFT and steric-hindrance calculations. Furthermore, the best-performing aldehyde leads to higher imine yields, selectivity and stability than those of PLP itself, allowing for the inhibition of a PLP-dependent enzyme (transaminase) through dynamic aldimine exchange. These results will increase the applicability of imine-based dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) under physiological conditions and will pave the way for the design of new carbonyl derivatives that might be used in the dynamic modification of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Tanguy Rieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg 67000 France
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Li B, Sun B, Fang S, Chen Y, Li H. Guest-induced narcissistic self-sorting in water via imine formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5743-5746. [PMID: 38743417 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Two anionic tetrahedral cages were self-assembled as the only observable products in weakly basic water via imine condensation. The success of the high-yielding formation of the cages in water relies on (i) multivalency enhancing the stability of the imine bond and affording these cages water compatibility and (ii) a guest template with a complementary size and geometry that provides a hydrophobic driving force by occupying the corresponding cage cavity. When all four precursors, namely two trisaldehydes and two trisamines, were combined in water, narcissistic self-sorting occurred when both guest templates were present. In organic media where the hydrophobic effect is absent, narcissistic self-sorting did not occur in the analogous cage systems, confirming the importance of guest templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingda Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Shuai Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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Wang HP, Eichhöfer A, Gu ZG, Gruber N, Stadler AM. Anion-encapsulating, discrete prism and extended frusta, from trimetallated triangular macrocycles and linkers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13966-13969. [PMID: 37933533 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of a trinuclear triangular macrocyclic complex Pb3L(CF3SO3)6 with bidentate linkers in a ratio of 3 equiv. of linker per 2 equiv. of complex, produces a prismatic structure with 4,4'-dipyridyl, and two unprecedented, extended 3D frustum-like structures with 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and 1,4-di(4-pyridyl)benzene. The cavities of these structures encapsulate triflate anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Andreas Eichhöfer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technolgoy (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P.R. China
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Zhi-Gang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Nathalie Gruber
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Faculté de Chimie, 1, rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrian-Mihail Stadler
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technolgoy (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), 5 Allée du Général Rouvillois, Strasbourg 67083, France
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), UMR 7006, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, 8 Allée G. Monge, Strasbourg 67000, France.
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Esteve F, Rahmatova F, Lehn JM. Supramolecular multivalency effects enhance imine formation in aqueous medium allowing for dynamic modification of enzymatic activity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10249-10257. [PMID: 37772124 PMCID: PMC10530293 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Imine formation under physiological conditions represents a challenging reaction due to the strong propensity of aldimines to be hydrolyzed. Herein we disclose the remarkable effect of supramolecular multivalency on increasing imine stability. A family of reactive aldehydes was synthesized bearing supramolecularly-active sites within their structure. The imine formation activity for such aldehydes was evaluated and compared with model aldehydes. The reaction of the best-performing species - containing two carboxylate groups-with a set of amines showed a significant decrease in imine yields as the degree of supramolecular multivalency between sidechains decreased. The reversible conjugation of amino acid derivatives and small peptides was also assayed, with excellent selectivities for the imine formation at the Nα position even in substrates containing competing sites. Preliminary results on protein bioconjugation revealed that a model enzyme could be dynamically inhibited upon reaction with the aldehyde, with its native activity being recovered by displacing the imine bonds with a suitable chemical effector (i.e., acylhydrazide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Fidan Rahmatova
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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Liyana Gunawardana VW, Ward C, Wang H, Holbrook JH, Sekera ER, Cui H, Hummon AB, Badjić JD. Crystalline Nanoparticles of Water-Soluble Covalent Basket Cages (CBCs) for Encapsulation of Anticancer Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306722. [PMID: 37332078 PMCID: PMC10528532 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe the preparation, assembly, recognition characteristics, and biocompatibility of novel covalent basket cage CBC-11, composed of four molecular baskets linked to four trivalent aromatic amines through amide groups. The cage is tetrahedral in shape and similar in size to small proteins (Mw =8637 g/mol) with a spacious nonpolar interior for accommodating multiple guests. While 24 carboxylates at the outer surface of CBC-11 render it soluble in aqueous phosphate buffer (PBS) at pH=7.0, the amphiphilic nature prompts its assembly into nanoparticles (d=250 nm, DLS). Cryo-TEM examination of nanoparticles revealed their crystalline nature with wafer-like shapes and hexagonally arranged cages. Nanoparticulate CBC-11 traps anticancer drugs irinotecan and doxorubicin, with each cage binding up to four drug molecules in a non-cooperative manner. The inclusion complexation resulted in nanoparticles growing in size and precipitating. In media containing mammalian cells (HCT 116, human colon carcinoma), the IC50 value of CBC-11 was above 100 μM. While this work presents the first example of a large covalent organic cage operating in water at the physiological pH and forming crystalline nanoparticles, it also demonstrates its biocompatibility and potential to act as a polyvalent binder of drugs for their sequestration or delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carson Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 221, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph H Holbrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Emily R Sekera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 221, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jovica D Badjić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Liyana Gunawardana VW, Finnegan TJ, Ward CE, Moore CE, Badjić JD. Dissipative Formation of Covalent Basket Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207418. [PMID: 35723284 PMCID: PMC9544755 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Living systems use chemical fuels to transiently assemble functional structures. As a step toward constructing abiotic mimics of such structures, we herein describe dissipative formation of covalent basket cage CBC 5 by reversible imine condensation of cup-shaped aldehyde 2 (i.e., basket) with trivalent aromatic amine 4. This nanosized [4+4] cage (V=5 nm3 , Mw =6150 Da) has shape of a truncated tetrahedron with four baskets at its vertices and four aromatic amines forming the faces. Importantly, tris-aldehyde basket 2 and aliphatic tris-amine 7 undergo condensation to give small [1+1] cage 6. The imine metathesis of 6 and aromatic tris-amine 4 into CBC 5 was optimized to bias the equilibrium favouring 6. Addition of tribromoacetic acid (TBA) as a chemical fuel perturbs this equilibrium to result in the transient formation of CBC 5, with subsequent consumption of TBA via decarboxylation driving the system back to the starting state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler J. Finnegan
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe Ohio State University100 West 18th AvenueColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Carson E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe Ohio State University100 West 18th AvenueColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe Ohio State University100 West 18th AvenueColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Jovica D. Badjić
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryThe Ohio State University100 West 18th AvenueColumbusOH 43210USA
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Badjic JD, Liyana Gunawardana VW, Finnegan TJ, Ward CE, Moore CE. Dissipative Formation of Covalent Basket Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovica D Badjic
- Ohio State University Department of Chemistry 100 W. 18th Avenue 43210 Columbus UNITED STATES
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