1
|
Yang Q, Li X, Chen L, Han X, Wang FR, Tang J. Effective Activation of Strong C-Cl Bonds for Highly Selective Photosynthesis of Bibenzyl via Homo-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307907. [PMID: 37515455 PMCID: PMC10952150 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling of organic halides has been successfully achieved in homogeneous catalysis, while the limitation, e.g., the dependence on rare noble metals, complexity of the metal-ligand catalylst and the poor catalyst stability and recyclability, needs to be tackled for a green process. The past few years have witnessed heterogeneous photocatalysis as a green and novel method for organic synthesis processes. However, the study on C-C coupling of chloride substrates is rare due to the extremely high bond energy of C-Cl bond (327 kJ mol-1 ). Here, we report a robust heterogeneous photocatalyst (Cu/ZnO) to drive the homo-coupling of benzyl chloride with high efficiency, which achieves an unprecedented high selectivity of bibenzyl (93 %) and yield rate of 92 % at room temperature. Moreover, this photocatalytic process has been validated for C-C coupling of 10 benzylic chlorides all with high yields. In addition, the excellent stability has been observed for 8 cycles of reactions. With detailed characterization and DFT calculation, the high selectivity is attributed to the enhanced adsorption of reactants, stabilization of intermediates (benzyl radicals) for the selective coupling by the Cu loading and the moderate oxidation ability of the ZnO support, besides the promoted charge separation and transfer by Cu species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingning Yang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College London Torrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Xiyi Li
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College London Torrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College London Torrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Feng Ryan Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College London Torrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College London Torrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
- Industrial Catalysis Centre, Department of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Du R, Wang C, Guo L, Soomro RA, Xu B, Yang C, Fu F, Wang D. NiS/Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S Schottky Junction Bifunctional Photocatalyst for Sunlight-Driven Highly Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Vanillyl Alcohol Towards Vanillin Coupled with Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302330. [PMID: 37259262 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of biomass-based molecules to high-value chemicals in conjunction with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an innovative photocatalysis strategy. The key challenge is to design bifunctional photocatalysts with suitable band structures, which can achieve highly efficient generation of high-value chemicals and hydrogen. Herein, NiS/Cd0.6 Zn0.4 S Schottky junction bifunctional catalysts are constructed for sunlight-driven catalytic vanillyl alcohol (VAL) selective oxidation towards vanillin (VN) coupling HER. At optimal conditions, the 8% NiS/Cd0.6 Zn0.4 S photocatalyst achieves high activity of VN production (3.75 mmol g-1 h-1 ) and HER (3.84 mmol g-1 h-1 ). It also exhibits remarkable VAL conversion (66.9%), VN yield (52.1%), and selectivity (77.8%). The photocatalytic oxidation of VAL proceeds a carbon-centered radical mechanism via the cleavage of αC-H bond. Experimental results and theoretical calculations show that NiS with metallic properties enhances the electron transfer capability. Importantly, a Ni-S-Cd "electron bridge" formed at the interface of NiS/Cd0.6 Zn0.4 S further improves the separation/transfer of electrone/h+ pairs and also furnishes HER active sites due to its smaller the |ΔGH* | value, thereby resulting in a remarkably HER activity. This work sheds new light on the selective catalytic oxidation VAL to VN coupling HER, with a new pathway towards achieving its efficient HER efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Du
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, P. R. China
| | - Chuantao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, P. R. China
| | - Li Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, P. R. China
| | - Razium Ali Soomro
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chunming Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, P. R. China
| | - Feng Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, P. R. China
| | - Danjun Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aletsee CC, Hochfilzer D, Kwiatkowski A, Becherer M, Kibsgaard J, Chorkendorff I, Tschurl M, Heiz U. A re-useable microreactor for dynamic and sensitive photocatalytic measurements: Exemplified by the photoconversion of ethanol on Pt-loaded titania P25. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:033909. [PMID: 37012796 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous advancements in synthesizing photoactive materials, the evaluation of their catalytic performance remains challenging since their fabrication often involves tedious strategies, yielding only low quantities in the μ-gram scale. In addition, these model catalysts exhibit different forms, such as powders or film(-like) structures grown on various supporting materials. Herein, we present a versatile gas phase μ-photoreactor, compatible with different catalyst morphologies, which is, in contrast to existing systems, re-openable and -useable, allowing not only post-characterization of the photocatalytic material but also enabling catalyst screening studies in short experimental time intervals. Sensitive and time-resolved reaction monitoring at ambient pressure is realized by a lid-integrated capillary, transmitting the entire gas flow from the reactor chamber to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Due to the microfabrication of the lid from borosilicate as base material, 88% of the geometrical area can be illuminated by a light source, further enhancing sensitivity. Gas dependent flow rates through the capillary were experimentally determined to be 1015-1016 molecules s-1, and in combination with a reactor volume of 10.5 μl, this results in residence times below 40 s. Furthermore, the reactor volume can easily be altered by adjusting the height of the polymeric sealing material. The successful operation of the reactor is demonstrated by selective ethanol oxidation over Pt-loaded TiO2 (P25), which serves to exemplify product analysis from dark-illumination difference spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara C Aletsee
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Degenhart Hochfilzer
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anika Kwiatkowski
- ZEIT, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Becherer
- ZEIT, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Savateev O, Zou Y. Identification of the Structure of Triethanolamine Oxygenation Products in Carbon Nitride Photocatalysis. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200095. [PMID: 35822918 PMCID: PMC9278094 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Triethanolamine (TEOA) is one of the most commonly used sacrificial agents in photocatalysis. Due to its more complex structure compared to, for example, ethanol, and its sacrificial role in photocatalysis, it gives a mixture of products. The structures of these molecules are not usually analyzed. Herein, we obtain and isolate the products of TEOA and N‐tert‐butyl diethanolamine oxygenation under photocatalytic conditions with ≈15 % yield, and followingly characterized them by NMR and mass spectroscopy. The reaction is mediated by potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K‐PHI) in the presence of O2 and affords formyl esters of β‐hydroxyethylene formamides from the corresponding ethanolamines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yajun Zou
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|