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Liu Y, Jiang YN, Zhang M, Zhang X, Ma Y. Non-Noble-Metal-Doped Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts for Water Splitting Screened Out by Empty Defect States and the d-Band Center. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38419285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A rational design of water-splitting photocatalysts from the perspective of the electronic structure is highly desirable for optimizing catalytic activities. However, the structure-activity relationship is still unclear, which impedes the development of efficient catalysts. Herein, by comparing systematically the overall water-splitting capability of 20 kinds of metallic elements anchored at three sites (including cavity, carbon vacancy, and nitrogen vacancy) of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) through density functional theory calculations, we uncover that availability of in-gap empty defect states and the d-band center position are paramount parameters to determine activities of g-C3N4 on photocatalytic water splitting. In-gap empty states play a role in accommodating electrons from H2O to facilitate its splitting. A lower d-band center weakens the interaction between reaction intermediates and g-C3N4, thereby promoting O2 desorption. Metals embedded at carbon vacancies are found to be superior to those at cavities and nitrogen vacancies because the former not only provides ample in-gap empty states but also has a lower d-band center. We also discover a rule that, for a reaction in which the bond order between the metal and intermediate enlarges (reduces), its reaction difficulty increases (decreases) with the increasing atomic number for elements in the same period. After screening, we find that non-noble metals Co, Ni, and Ga anchored at carbon vacancies possess catalytic performances comparable to Pd- and Pt-doped systems, with the rate-determining barriers less than 0.55 eV. Our findings may provide useful information for designing effective photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shandong Open University, Jinan, Shandong 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
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Jing L, Xu Y, Xie M, Li Z, Wu C, Zhao H, Zhong N, Wang J, Wang H, Yan Y, Li H, Hu J. Cyano-Rich g-C 3 N 4 in Photochemistry: Design, Applications, and Prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304404. [PMID: 37670529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials are widely used in various fields of photochemistry due to the very powerful electron-absorbing ability and electron storage function of cyano, as well as its advantages in improving light absorption, adjusting the energy band structure, increasing the polarization rate and electron density in the structure, active site concentration, and promoting oxygen activation ability. Notwithstanding, there is yet a huge knowledge break in the design, preparation, detection, application, and prospect of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 . Accordingly, an overall review is arranged to substantially comprehend the research progress and position of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials. An overall overview of the current research position in the synthesis, characterization (determination of their location and quantity), application, and reaction mechanism analysis of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials to provide a quantity of novel suggestions for cyano-modified carbon nitride materials' construction is provided. In view of the prevailing challenges and outlooks of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials, this paper will purify the growth direction of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 , to achieve a more in-depth exploration and broaden the applications of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Jing
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yuanguo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Meng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chongchong Wu
- CNOOC Institute of Chemicals & Advanced Materials (CICM), Beijing, 102200, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Na Zhong
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jiu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yubo Yan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Li
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Xiao J, Xiao Z, Hu J, Gao X, Asim M, Pan L, Shi C, Zhang X, Zou JJ. Rational Design of Alkynyl-Based Linear Donor−π–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers with Accelerated Exciton Dissociation for Photocatalysis. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Ziheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Jinghui Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaokai Gao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Chengxiang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Ji-Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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