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Jha S, Mehra KS, Dey M, S S, Ghosh D, Mondal PK, Polentarutti M, Sankar J. A nine-ring fused terrylene diimide exhibits switching between red TADF and near-IR room temperature phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8974-8981. [PMID: 38873070 PMCID: PMC11168091 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the first example of a terrylene diimide derivative that switches emission between thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in the red region. By design, the molecule TDI-cDBT boasts a symmetrical, consecutively fused nine-ring motif with a kite-like structure. The rigid core formed by the annulated dibenzothiophene moiety favoured efficient intersystem crossing and yielded a narrow-band emission with a full-width half maxima (FWHM) of 0.09 eV, along with high colour purity. A small ΔE S1-T1 of 0.04 eV facilitated thermally activated delayed fluorescence, enhancing the quantum yield to 88% in the red region. Additionally, it also prefers a direct triplet emission from the aggregated state. The room temperature phosphorescence observed from the aggregates has a longer emission lifetime of 1.8 ms, which is further prolonged to 8 ms at 77 K in the NIR region. Thus, the current strategy is successful in not only reducing ΔE S1-T1 to favour TADF but also serves as a novel platform that can switch emission from TADF to RTP depending upon the concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangee Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
| | - Kundan Singh Mehra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
| | - Mandira Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences Kolkata India 700032
| | - Sujesh S
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences Kolkata India 700032
| | - Pradip Kumar Mondal
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste Strada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Maurizio Polentarutti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste Strada Statale 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Jeyaraman Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal Bhopal Bypass Road Bhopal India 462066
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2
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Hu J, Jiang S, Zhang D, Zhao T, Lin F, Meng L, Chen X, Lu C. Rational Design of Highly Efficient Orange-Red/Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters with Submicrosecond Emission Lifetimes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300808. [PMID: 37279379 PMCID: PMC10427351 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of orange-red/red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with both high emission efficiencies and short lifetimes is highly desirable for electroluminescence (EL) applications, but remains a formidable challenge owing to the strict molecular design principles. Herein, two new orange-red/red TADF emitters, namely AC-PCNCF3 and TAC-PCNCF3, composed of pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-derived electron-acceptor (PCNCF3) and acridine electron-donors (AC/TAC) are developed. These emitters in doped films exhibit excellent photophysical properties, including high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 0.91, tiny singlet-triplet energy gaps of 0.01 eV, and ultrashort TADF lifetimes of less than 1 µs. The TADF-organic light-emitting diodes employing the AC-PCNCF3 as emitter achieve orange-red and red EL with high external quantum efficiencies of up to 25.0% and nearly 20% at doping concentrations of 5 and 40 wt%, respectively, both accompanied by well-suppressed efficiency roll-offs. This work provides an efficient molecular design strategy for developing high-performance red TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Xuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Dong‐Hai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Tianxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Fu‐Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
| | - Xu‐Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108China
| | - Can‐Zhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhouFujian350002China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstitutesChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenFujian361021China
- School of Physical Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of ChinaFuzhouFujian350108China
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3
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Wang X, Wang S, Wang J, Yin S. Reverse Designing the Wavelength-Specific Thermally Activation Delayed Fluorescent Molecules Using a Genetic Algorithm Coupled with Cheap QM Methods. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37418642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic algorithm (GA) optimization coupled with the semiempirical intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO)/CIS method is presented to inversely design the red thermally activation delayed fluorescent (TADF) molecules. According to the predefined donor-acceptor (DA) library to build an ADn-type TADF candidate, we utilized the chemical notation language SMILES code to generate a TADF molecule and apply the RDKit program to produce the initial 3D molecular structure. A combined fitness function is proposed to evaluate the performance of the functional-lead TADF molecule. The fitness function includes three key parameters, i.e., the emission wavelength, the energy gap (ΔEST) between the lowest singlet (S1)- and triplet (T1)-excited states, and the oscillator strengths for electron transition from S0 and S1. A cheap QM method, i.e., INDO/CIS, on the basis of an xTB-optimized molecular geometry is applied to quickly calculate the fitness function. Finally, the GA approach is utilized to globally search for the wavelength-specific TADF molecules under our predefined DA library, and the optimum 630 nm red and 660 nm deep red TADF molecules are inversely designed according to the evolution of molecular fitness functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian 710119, China
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Zhao T, Jiang S, Wang Y, Hu J, Lin FL, Meng L, Gao P, Chen XL, Lu CZ. Realizing High-Efficiency Orange-Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials through the Construction of Intramolecular Noncovalent Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37315213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly efficient orange and red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials for constructing full-color and white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) remains insufficient because of the formidable challenges in molecular design, such as the severe radiationless decay and the intrinsic trade-off between the efficiencies of radiative decay and reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). Herein, we design two high-efficiency orange and orange-red TADF molecules by constructing intermolecular noncovalent interactions. This strategy could not only ensure high emission efficiency via suppression of the nonradiative relaxation and enhancement of the radiative transition but also create intermediate triplet excited states to ensure the RISC process. Both emitters exhibit typical TADF characteristics, with a fast radiative rate and a low nonradiative rate. Photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of the orange (TPA-PT) and orange-red (DMAC-PT) materials reach up to 94 and 87%, respectively. Benefiting from the excellent photophysical properties and stability, OLEDs based on these TADF emitters realize orange to orange-red electroluminescence with high external quantum efficiencies reaching 26.2%. The current study demonstrates that the introduction of intermolecular noncovalent interactions is a feasible strategy for designing highly efficient orange to red TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yashu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Fu-Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Lingyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xu-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Can-Zhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Gawale Y, Ansari R, Naveen KR, Kwon JH. Forthcoming hyperfluorescence display technology: relevant factors to achieve high-performance stable organic light emitting diodes. Front Chem 2023; 11:1211345. [PMID: 37377883 PMCID: PMC10291061 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1211345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the decade, there have been developments in purely organic thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, achieving narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) and high external quantum efficiency (EQE) is crucial for real display industries. To overcome these hurdles, hyperfluorescence (HF) technology was proposed for next-generation OLEDs. In this technology, the TADF material was considered a sensitizing host, the so-called TADF sensitized host (TSH), for use of triplet excitons via the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) pathway. Since most of the TADF materials show bipolar characteristics, electrically generated singlet and triplet exciton energies can be transported to the final fluorescent emitter (FE) through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) rather than Dexter energy transfer (DET). This mechanism is possible from the S1 state of the TSH to the S1 state of the final fluorescent dopant (FD) as a long-range energy transfer. Considering this, some reports are available based on hyperfluorescence OLEDs, but the detailed analysis for highly efficient and stable devices for commercialization was unclear. So herein, we reviewed the relevant factors based on recent advancements to build a highly efficient and stable hyperfluorescence system. The factors include an energy transfer mechanism based on spectral overlapping, TSH requirements, electroluminescence study based on exciplex and polarity system, shielding effect, DET suppression, and FD orientation. Furthermore, the outlook and future positives with new directions were discussed to build high-performance OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jang Hyuk Kwon
- *Correspondence: Kenkera Rayappa Naveen, ; Jang Hyuk Kwon,
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Li P, Wang Z, Li W, Yuan J, Chen R. Design of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials with High Intersystem Crossing Efficiencies by Machine Learning-Assisted Virtual Screening. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9910-9918. [PMID: 36256799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse ISC (RISC) processes are of vital significance for thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials to achieve 100% internal quantum efficiency. However, it is challenging to rapidly predict the ISC/RISC rates of large amounts of TADF materials and screen promising candidates because of their flexible molecular design. Here, we perform virtual screening of 564 candidates constructed from 20 unique building blocks linking in D-A, D-π-A, and D-A-D (D') configurations using the established machine learning models of GBRT and RF-GBRT-KNN with the Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) of 0.89 and 0.82, respectively. Novel descriptors of ΔELL, Polar, and ΔETT for predicting ISC/RISC rates were proposed, and nine TADF molecules with the predicted ISC and RISC rates of >7 × 107 and 2 × 105 s-1, respectively, were revealed. We provide an efficient approach to predicting ISC and RISC rates of TADF molecules on a large scale, elucidating important building blocks and architectures to design high-performance optoelectronic materials for experimental explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
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