1
|
Mann DS, Kwon SN, Thakur S, Patil P, Jeong KU, Na SI. Suppressing Redox Reactions at the Perovskite-Nickel Oxide Interface with Zinc Nitride to Improve the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311362. [PMID: 38192000 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
For p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), nickel oxide (NiOx) hole transport layers (HTLs) are the preferred interfacial layer due to their low cost, high mobility, high transmittance, and stability. However, the redox reaction between the Ni≥3+ and hydroxyl groups in the NiOx and perovskite layer leads to oxidized CH3NH3 + and reacts with PbI in the perovskite, resulting in a large number of non-radiative recombination sites. Among various transition metals, an ultra-thin zinc nitride (Zn3N2) layer on the NiOx surface is chosen to prevent these redox reactions and interfacial issues using a simple solution process at low temperatures. The redox reaction and non-radiative recombination at the interface of the perovskite and NiOx reduce chemically by using interface modifier Zn3N2 to reduce hydroxyl group and defects on the surface of NiOx. A thin layer of Zn3N2 at the NiOx/perovskite interface results in a high Ni3+/Ni2+ ratio and a significant work function (WF), which inhibits the redox reaction and provides a highly aligned energy level with perovskite crystal and rigorous trap-passivation ability. Consequently, Zn3N2-modified NiOx-based PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 21.61%, over the NiOx-based PSCs. After Zn3N2 modification, the PSC can improve stability under several conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh Mann
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics and LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Nam Kwon
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics and LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sakshi Thakur
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics and LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Pramila Patil
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics and LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-In Na
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics and LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute-Korea, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sterling AJ, Levine DS, Aldossary A, Head-Gordon M. Chemical Bonding and the Role of Node-Induced Electron Confinement. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9532-9543. [PMID: 38532619 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The chemical bond is the cornerstone of chemistry, providing a conceptual framework to understand and predict the behavior of molecules in complex systems. However, the fundamental origin of chemical bonding remains controversial and has been responsible for fierce debate over the past century. Here, we present a unified theory of bonding, using a separation of electron delocalization effects from orbital relaxation to identify three mechanisms [node-induced confinement (typically associated with Pauli repulsion, though more general), orbital contraction, and polarization] that each modulate kinetic energy during bond formation. Through analysis of a series of archetypal bonds, we show that an exquisite balance of energy-lowering delocalizing and localizing effects are dictated simply by atomic electron configurations, nodal structure, and electronegativities. The utility of this unified bonding theory is demonstrated by its application to explain observed trends in bond strengths throughout the periodic table, including main group and transition metal elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Sterling
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel S Levine
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Abdulrahman Aldossary
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bannykh A, Pihko PM. Carboxylate-Catalyzed C-Silylation of Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1991-1995. [PMID: 38428925 PMCID: PMC10949233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
A carboxylate-catalyzed, metal-free C-silylation protocol for terminal alkynes is reported using a quaternary ammonium pivalate as the catalyst and commercially available N,O-bis(silyl)acetamides as silylating agents. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, tolerates a range of functionalities, and enables concomitant O- or N-silylation of acidic OH or NH groups. A Hammett ρ value of +1.4 ± 0.1 obtained for para-substituted 2-arylalkynes is consistent with the proposed catalytic cycle involving a turnover-determining deprotonation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bannykh
- Department of Chemistry and NanoScience
Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O.B. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petri M. Pihko
- Department of Chemistry and NanoScience
Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O.B. 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herrmann B, Svatunek D. Directionality of Halogen-Bonds: Insights from 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis. Chem Asian J 2024:e202301106. [PMID: 38390759 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Halogen bonds are typically observed to have a linear arrangement with a 180° angle between the nucleophile and the halogen bond acceptor X-R. This linearity is commonly explained using the σ-hole model, although there have been alternative explanations involving exchange repulsion forces. We employ two-dimensional Distortion/Interaction and Energy Decomposition Analysis to examine the archetypal H3 N⋯X2 halogen bond systems. Our results indicate that although halogen bonds are predominantly electrostatic, their directionality is largely due to decreased Pauli repulsion in linear configurations as opposed to angled ones in the I2 and Br2 systems. As we move to the smaller halogens, Cl2 and F2 , the influence of Pauli repulsion diminishes, and the energy surface is shaped by orbital interactions and electrostatic forces. These results support the role of exchange repulsion forces in influencing the directionality of strong halogen bonds. Additionally, we demonstrate that the 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis is a useful tool for enhancing our understanding of the nature of potential energy surfaces in noncovalent interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Herrmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodrigues Silva D, Blokker E, van der Schuur JM, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Nature and strength of group-14 A-A' bonds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1648-1656. [PMID: 38303946 PMCID: PMC10829027 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We have quantum chemically investigated the nature and stability of C-C and Si-Si bonds in R3A-AR3 (A = C, Si; R3 = H3, Me3, Me2Ph, MePh2, Ph3, t-Bu3) using density functional theory (DFT). Systematic increase of steric bulk of the substituents R has opposite effects on C-C and Si-Si bonds: the former becomes weaker whereas the latter becomes stronger. Only upon going further, from R = Ph to the bulkiest R = t-Bu, the R3Si-SiR3 bond begins to weaken. Our bonding analyses show how different behavior upon increasing the steric bulk of the substituents stems from the interplay of (Pauli) repulsive and (dispersion) attractive steric mechanisms. Extension of our analyses to other model systems shows that C-Si bonds display behavior that is in between that of C-C and Si-Si bonds. Further increasing the size of the group-14 atoms from C-C and Si-Si to Ge-Ge, Sn-Sn and Pb-Pb leads to a further decrease in the sensitivity of the bond strength with respect to the substituents' bulkiness. Our findings can be used as design principles for tuning A-A and A-A' bond strengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
| | - Eva Blokker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
| | | | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 Amsterdam 1081 HZ The Netherlands https://www.theochem.nl
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nieuwland C, Verdijk R, Fonseca Guerra C, Bickelhaupt FM. More Electropositive is More Electronegative: Atom Size Determines C=X Group Electronegativity. Chemistry 2023:e202304161. [PMID: 38117278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Opposite to what one might expect, we find that the C=X group can become effectively more, not less, electronegative when the Pauling electronegativity of atom X decreases down Groups 16, 15, and 14 of the Periodic Table. Our quantum-chemical analyses, show that, and why, this phenomenon is a direct consequence of the increasing size of atom X down a group. These findings can be applied to tuning and improving the hydrogen-bond donor strength of amides H2 NC(=X)R by increasingly withdrawing density from the NH2 group. A striking example is that H2 NC(=SiR2 )R is a stronger hydrogen-bond donor than H2 NC(=CR2 )R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Verdijk
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Echeverría J, Alvarez S. The borderless world of chemical bonding across the van der Waals crust and the valence region. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11647-11688. [PMID: 37920358 PMCID: PMC10619631 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02238b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The definition of the van der Waals crust as the spherical section between the atomic radius and the van der Waals radius of an element is discussed and a survey of the application of the penetration index between two interacting atoms in a wide variety of covalent, polar, coordinative or noncovalent bonding situations is presented. It is shown that this newly defined parameter permits the comparison of bonding between pairs of atoms in structural and computational studies independently of the atom sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Echeverría
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catalisis Homogénea (ISQCH) and Departmento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Department de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, e Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 -Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM, Svatunek D. Unraveling the Bürgi-Dunitz Angle with Precision: The Power of a Two-Dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7300-7306. [PMID: 37791978 PMCID: PMC10601473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the geometrical preferences in chemical reactions is crucial for advancing the field of organic chemistry and improving synthetic strategies. One such preference, the Bürgi-Dunitz angle, is central to nucleophilic addition reactions involving carbonyl groups. This study successfully employs a novel two-dimensional Distortion-Interaction/Activation-Strain Model in combination with a two-dimensional Energy Decomposition Analysis to investigate the origins of the Bürgi-Dunitz angle in the addition reaction of CN- to (CH3)2C═O. We constructed a 2D potential energy surface defined by the distance between the nucleophile and carbonylic carbon atom and by the attack angle, followed by an in-depth exploration of energy components, including strain and interaction energy. Our analysis reveals that the Bürgi-Dunitz angle emerges from a delicate balance between two key factors: strain energy and interaction energy. High strain energy, as a result of the carbonyl compound distorting to avoid Pauli repulsion, is encountered at high angles, thus setting the upper bound. On the other hand, interaction energy is shaped by a dominant Pauli repulsion when the angles are lower. This work emphasizes the value of the 2D Energy Decomposition Analysis as a refined tool, offering both quantitative and qualitative insights into chemical reactivity and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación
en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Complutense
de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud
University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saqib M, Arthur-Baidoo E, Izadi F, Szczyrba A, Datta M, Demkowicz S, Rak J, Denifl S. Dissociative Electron Attachment to 5-Iodo-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine: A Potential Radiosensitizer of Hypoxic Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8948-8955. [PMID: 37769041 PMCID: PMC10578351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In the search for effective radiosensitizers for tumor cells, halogenated uracils have attracted more attention due to their large cross section for dissociation upon the attachment of low-energy electrons. In this study, we investigated dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to 5-iodo-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine, a potential radiosensitizer using a crossed electron-molecule beam experiment coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry. The experimental results were supported by calculations on the threshold energies of formed anions and transition state calculations. We show that low-energy electrons with kinetic energies near 0 eV may effectively decompose the molecule upon DEA. The by far most abundant anion observed corresponds to the iodine anion (I-). Due to the associated bond cleavage, a radical site is formed at the C5 position, which may initiate strand break formation if the molecule is incorporated into a DNA strand. Our results reflect the conclusion from previous radiolysis studies with the title compound, suggesting its potential as a radiosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center
for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eugene Arthur-Baidoo
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center
for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Farhad Izadi
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center
for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adrian Szczyrba
- Laboratory
of Biological Sensitizers, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Datta
- Laboratory
of Biological Sensitizers, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Rak
- Laboratory
of Biological Sensitizers, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center
for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstraße
25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Santos CV, Monteiro SA, Soares ASC, Souto ICA, Moura RT. Decoding Chemical Bonds: Assessment of the Basis Set Effect on Overlap Electron Density Descriptors and Topological Properties in Comparison to QTAIM. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7997-8014. [PMID: 37703453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical bonding descriptors based on the total and overlap density can provide valuable information about chemical interactions in different systems. However, these descriptors can be sensitive to the basis set used. To address this, different numerical treatments of electron density have been proposed to reduce the basis set dependency. In this work, we introduce overlap properties (OPs) obtained through numerical treatment of the electron density and present the topology of overlap density (TOP) for the first time. We compare the basis set dependency of numerical OP and TOP descriptors with their quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) counterparts, considering the total electron density. Three single (C-C, C-O, and C-F) bonds in ethane, methanol, and fluoromethane and two double (C═C and C═O) bonds in ethene and formaldehyde were analyzed. Diatomic molecules Li-X with X = F, Cl, and Br were also analyzed. Eight parameters, including QTAIM descriptors and OP/TOP descriptors, are used to assess the basis dependency at the ωB97X-D level of theory using 28 basis sets from three classes: Pople, Ahlrichs, and Dunning. The study revealed that the topological overlap electron density properties exhibit comparatively lesser dependence on the basis set compared to their total electron density counterparts. Remarkably, these properties retain their chemical significance even with reduced basis set dependency. Similarly, numerical OP descriptors show less basis set dependency than their QTAIM counterparts. The excess of polarization functions increases charge concentration in the interatomic region and influences both QTAIM and OP descriptors. The basis sets Def2TZVP, 6-31++G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and cc-pVQZ demonstrate reduced variability for the tested bond classes in this study, with particular emphasis on the triple-ζ quality Ahlrichs' basis set. We recommend against using basis sets with numerous polarization functions, such as augmented Dunning's and Ahlrichs' quadruple-ζ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos V Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Shirlene A Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, Paraiba 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda S C Soares
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Isabeli C A Souto
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraiba 58397-000, Brazil
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sahre MJ, von Rudorff GF, von Lilienfeld OA. Quantum Alchemy Based Bonding Trends and Their Link to Hammett's Equation and Pauling's Electronegativity Model. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5899-5908. [PMID: 36862462 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an intuitive and general analytical approximation estimating the energy of covalent single and double bonds between participating atoms in terms of their respective nuclear charges with just three parameters, [EAB ≈ a - bZAZB + c(ZA7/3 + ZB7/3) ]. The functional form of our expression models an alchemical atomic energy decomposition between participating atoms A and B. After calibration, reasonably accurate bond dissociation energy estimates are obtained for hydrogen-saturated diatomics composed of p-block elements coming from the same row 2 ≤ n ≤ 4 in the periodic table. Corresponding changes in bond dissociation energies due to substitution of atom B by C can be obtained via simple formulas. While being of different functional form and origin, our model is as simple and accurate as Pauling's well-known electronegativity model. Analysis indicates that the model's response in covalent bonding to variation in nuclear charge is near-linear, which is consistent with Hammett's equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Sahre
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | | | - O Anatole von Lilienfeld
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, M5S 1M1, Canada.,Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science and Engineering, and Physics, University of Toronto, St. George Campus, Toronto, M5R 0A3, Canada.,Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin and Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, 10587, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bessaire T, Eriksen B, Laborie S, Mujahid C, Mottier P, Delatour T, Panchaud A, Stadler RH, Stroheker T. Confirmation of the full conversion of ethylene oxide to 2-chloroethanol in fumigated foodstuffs: possible implications for risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:81-95. [PMID: 36395391 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2143909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the extension of a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method, initially devoted to the analysis of ethylene oxide (EO) in ice cream, to a larger range of food items including herbs, spices, vegetables, inorganic salts, food supplements, thickeners, etc. Results are reported as EOTotal according to EC 2015/868 definition (expressed as EO equivalents as the sum of native EO and 2-chloroethanol (2-CE) after acidic hydrolysis) with a limit of quantification at 0.01 mg/kg regardless of the food item. Its ruggedness was demonstrated through fortification experiments on hundreds of samples. Re-analysis of 146 positive food samples without hydrolysis demonstrated that not EO but 2-CE is the predominant analyte detected in the different processed ingredients suspected to have been previously treated with EO. A series of eight contaminated dried herbs and spices were also re-analysed by four ISO 17025 accredited commercial laboratories making use of different analytical strategies for EO determination in foods. Each laboratory reported EOTotal levels within the same concentration range, but the resulting reproducibility ranged from 23% to 41% depending on the sample. Additionally, we show that results of free EO from methods based on conversion to 2-iodoethanol may lead to artefactual detection of native EO (false positive). An official method of analysis applicable for different food matrices would be useful to avoid discrepancies of results. Altogether, these data re-enforce the fact that in absence of native EO in food items, risk assessment of EO in foodstuffs should consider the predominance of 2-CE. A toxicological risk assessment using the food additive xanthan gum as a case study is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessaire
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn Eriksen
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia Mujahid
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mottier
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Delatour
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Panchaud
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard H Stadler
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stroheker
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gomes E, Gouveia AF, Gracia L, Lobato Á, Recio JM, Andrés J. A Chemical-Pressure-Induced Phase Transition Controlled by Lone Electron Pair Activity. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9883-9888. [PMID: 36252084 PMCID: PMC9619963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The chemical pressure approach offers a new paradigm for property control in functional materials. In this work, we disclose a correlation between the β → α pressure-induced phase transition in SnMoO4 and the substitution process of Mo6+ by W6+ in SnMo1-xWxO4 solid solutions (x = 0-1). Special attention is paid to discriminating the role of the lone pair Sn2+ cation from the structural distortive effect along the Mo/W substitution process, which is crucial to disentangle the driven force of the transition phase. Furthermore, the reverse α → β transition observed at high temperature in SnWO4 is rationalized on the same basis as a negative pressure effect associated with a decreasing of W6+ percentage in the solid solution. This work opens a versatile chemical approach in which the types of interactions along the formation of solid solutions are clearly differentiated and can also be used to tune their properties, providing opportunities for the development of new materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo
O. Gomes
- Departament
de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Amanda F. Gouveia
- Departament
de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gracia
- Departament
de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia (UV), 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Álvaro Lobato
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Manuel Recio
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Andrés
- MALTA-Consolider
Team and Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hansen T, Nin-Hill A, Codée JDC, Hamlin TA, Rovira C. Rational Tuning of the Reactivity of Three-Membered Heterocycle Ring Openings via S N 2 Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201649. [PMID: 35896443 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule covalent inhibitors and probes continuously pushes the rapidly evolving field of chemical biology forward. A key element in these molecular tool compounds is the "electrophilic trap" that allows a covalent linkage with the target enzyme. The reactivity of this entity needs to be well balanced to effectively trap the desired enzyme, while not being attacked by off-target nucleophiles. Here we investigate the intrinsic reactivity of substrates containing a class of widely used electrophilic traps, the three-membered heterocycles with a nitrogen (aziridine), phosphorus (phosphirane), oxygen (epoxide) or sulfur atom (thiirane) as heteroatom. Using quantum chemical approaches, we studied the conformational flexibility and nucleophilic ring opening of a series of model substrates, in which these electrophilic traps are mounted on a cyclohexene scaffold (C6 H10 Y with Y=NH, PH, O, S). It was revealed that the activation energy of the ring opening does not necessarily follow the trend that is expected from C-Y leaving-group bond strength, but steeply decreases from Y=NH, to PH, to O, to S. We illustrate that the HOMONu -LUMOSubstrate interaction is an all-important factor for the observed reactivity. In addition, we show that the activation energy of aziridines and phosphiranes can be tuned far below that of the corresponding epoxides and thiiranes by the addition of proper electron-withdrawing ring substituents. Our results provide mechanistic insights to rationally tune the reactivity of this class of popular electrophilic traps and can guide the experimental design of covalent inhibitors and probes for enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Alba Nin-Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bi X, Xu M, Xie Z, Li Y, Tian J, Wang Z, Wang Z. A Conceptual Strategy toward High-Reliability Metal-Thermoplastic Hybrid Structures Based on a Covalent-Bonding Mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50363-50374. [PMID: 36240257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-thermoplastic hybrid structures have proven their effectiveness to achieve lightweight design concepts in both primary and secondary structural components of advanced aircraft. However, the drastic differences in physical and chemical properties between metal and thermoplastic make it challenging to fabricate high-reliability hybrid structures. Here, a simple and universal strategy to obtain strong hybrid structures thermoplastics is reported by regulating the bonding behavior at metal/thermoplastic interfaces. To achieve such, we first researched and uncovered the bonding mechanism at metal/thermoplastic interfaces by experimental methods and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results suggest that the interfacial covalency, which is formed due to the interfacial reaction between high-electronegativity elements of thermoplastics and metallic elements at metal surfaces, dominates the interfacial bonding interaction of metal-thermoplastic hybrid structures. The differences in electronegativity and atomic size between bonding atoms influence the covalent-bond strength and finally control the interfacial reliability of hybrid structures. Based on our covalent-bonding mechanism, the carboxyl functional group (COOH) is specifically grafted on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) by plasma polymerization to increase the density and strength of interfacial covalency and thus fabricate high-reliability hybrid structures between PEEK and A6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Current work provides an in-depth understanding of the bonding mechanism at metal-thermoplastics interfaces, which opens a fascinating direction toward high-reliability metal-thermoplastic hybrid structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Bi
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Mengjia Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, No. 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, PR China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, No. 2 Zhihui Road, Foshan 528300, PR China
| | - Zhengchao Xie
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Jiyu Tian
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Zhenmin Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Center for Nature-Inspired Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
We have quantum chemically explored the competition between the SN2 and SN2' pathways for X- + H2C═CHCH2Y (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I) using a combined relativistic density functional theory and coupled-cluster theory approach. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions at allylic systems, i.e., Cγ═Cβ-Cα-Y, bearing a leaving-group at the α-position, proceed either via a direct attack at the α-carbon (SN2) or via an attack at the γ-carbon, involving a concerted allylic rearrangement (SN2'), in both cases leading to the expulsion of the leaving-group. Herein, we provide a physically sound model to rationalize under which circumstances a nucleophile will follow either the aliphatic SN2 or allylic SN2' pathway. Our activation strain analyses expose the underlying physical factors that steer the SN2/SN2' competition and, again, demonstrate that the concepts of a reaction's "characteristic distortivity" and "transition state acidity" provide explanations and design tools for understanding and predicting reactivity trends in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lea de Jong
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moloto BP, Vermeeren P, Dalla Tiezza M, Esterhuysen C, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. Palladium‐Catalyzed Activation of Carbon–Halogen Bonds: Electrostatics‐Controlled Reactivity. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nieuwland C, Fonseca Guerra C. How the Chalcogen Atom Size Dictates the Hydrogen‐Bond Donor Capability of Carboxamides, Thioamides, and Selenoamides. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200755. [PMID: 35322485 PMCID: PMC9324920 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The amino groups of thio‐ and selenoamides can act as stronger hydrogen‐bond donors than of carboxamides, despite the lower electronegativity of S and Se. This phenomenon has been experimentally explored, particularly in organocatalysis, but a sound electronic explanation is lacking. Our quantum chemical investigations show that the NH2 groups in thio‐ and selenoamides are more positively charged than in carboxamides. This originates from the larger electronic density flow from the nitrogen lone pair of the NH2 group towards the lower‐lying π*C=S and π*C=Se orbitals than to the high‐lying π*C=O orbital. The relative energies of the π* orbitals result from the overlap between the chalcogen np and carbon 2p atomic orbitals, which is set by the carbon‐chalcogen equilibrium distance, a consequence of the Pauli repulsion between the two bonded atoms. Thus, neither the electronegativity nor the often‐suggested polarizability but the steric size of the chalcogen atom determines the amide's hydrogen‐bond donor capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Nieuwland
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Célia Fonseca Guerra
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Gorlaeus Laboratories Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santos-Jr CV, A. F. de Souza M, Kraka E, Moura Jr RT. Analysis of spectator chemical bonds in SN2@C and @Si reaction mechanisms in the gas phase. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|