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Szlosek R, Niefanger AS, Balázs G, Seidl M, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Characterization of the Ligand Properties of Donor-stabilized Pnictogenyltrielanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303603. [PMID: 38131435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A general synthesis and the characterization of novel alkyl-substituted NHC-stabilized pnictogenylboranes NHC ⋅ BH2 ER2 (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene, E=P, As; R2 =Me2 , Ph2 , t BuH, Cy2 , (SiMe3 )2 ) are reported. These compounds were reacted with Ni(CO)4 to the corresponding complexes of the type [(NHC ⋅ BH2 ER2 )Ni(CO)3 ] to determine their donor strength by Tolman Electronic Parameters (TEPs) and their steric demand as ligands compared to classical phosphines, superbasic phosphines and other commonly applied donor systems. The results show that the NHC-stabilized pnictogenyltrielanes can be considered as being highly basic, while their steric influence depends strongly on the organic residues as well as the donor attached to the {BH2 } moiety. Although weaker than commonly used superbasic phosphines, the donor strength of pnictogenyltrielanes in general can be classified as of similar strength as NHCs. The steric and electronic properties can easily be modified by alkyl substitution as evident from the TEP trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General and Theoretical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Ackermann MT, Szlosek R, Riesinger C, Seidl M, Timoshkin AY, Rivard E, Scheer M. NHC-Stabilized Mixed Group 13/14/15 Element Hydrides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303680. [PMID: 38009601 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of novel N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) adducts of group 13, 14 and 15 element hydrides are reported. Salt metathesis reactions between NaPH2 and IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 OTf (1) (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) led to mixtures of the two isomers IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 PH2 (2 a) and IDipp ⋅ BH2 GeH2 PH2 (2 b); by altering the reaction conditions an almost exclusive formation of 2 b was achieved. Attempts to purify mixtures of 2 a and 2 b by re-crystallization from THF afforded a salt [IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 ⋅ IDipp][PHGeH2 BH2 PH2 BH2 GeH2 ] (4) that contains the novel anionic cyclohexyl-like inorganic heterocycle [PHGeH2 BH2 PH2 BH2 GeH2 ]- . In addition, the borane adducts IDipp ⋅ GeH2 BH2 PH2 BH3 (3 a) and IDipp ⋅ BH2 GeH2 PH2 BH3 (3 b) as even longer chain compounds were obtained from reactions of 2 a/2 b with H3 B ⋅ SMe2 and were studied by NMR spectroscopy. Accompanying DFT computations give insight into the mechanism and energetics associated with 2 a/2 b isomerization as well as their decomposition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Ackermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Szlosek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Szlosek R, Seidl M, Balázs G, Scheer M. A General Pathway towards NHC ⋅ GaH 2 (OTf) Adducts - The Key for the Synthesis of NHC-Stabilized Cationic 13/15 Chain Compounds of Gallium. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301752. [PMID: 37401824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A general pathway towards NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene)-stabilized galliummonotriflates NHC ⋅ GaH2 (OTf) (NHC=IDipp, 1 a; IPr2 Me2 , 1 b; IMes, 1 c; IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene, IPr2 Me2 =1,3-bis-(diisopropyl)-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene, IMes=1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene) is reported. Quantum chemical calculations give detailed insight into the underlying reaction pathway. The obtained NHC ⋅ GaH2 (OTf) compounds were employed in reactions with donor-stabilized pnictogenylboranes to synthesize the elusive cationic parent 13/15/13 chain compounds [IDipp ⋅ GaH2 ER2 E'H2 ⋅ D][OTf] (3 a: D=IDipp, E=P, E'=B, R=H; 3 b: D=NMe3 , E=P, E'=B, R=H, 3 c: D=NMe3 , E=P, E'=B, R=Ph, 3 d: D=IDipp, E=P, E'=Ga, R=H). Supporting computational studies highlight the electronic features of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Mrig S, Bhide MA, Zhou Y, Stanton N, Wang J, Douglas SP, Tinker HR, Mears KL, Bakewell CM, Knapp CE. Unraveling the Steric Link to Copper Precursor Decomposition: A Multi-Faceted Study for the Printing of Flexible Electronics. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300038. [PMID: 36807841 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The field of printed electronics strives for lower processing temperatures to move toward flexible substrates that have vast potential: from wearable medical devices to animal tagging. Typically, ink formulations are optimized using mass screening and elimination of failures; as such, there are no comprehensive studies on the fundamental chemistry at play. Herein, findings which describe the steric link to decomposition profile: combining density functional theory, crystallography, thermal decomposition, mass spectrometry, and inkjet printing, are reported. Through the reaction of copper(II) formate with excess alkanolamines of varying steric bulk, tris-co-ordinated copper precursor ions: "[CuL3 ]," each with a formate counter-ion (1-3) are isolated and their thermal decomposition mass spectrometry profiles are collected to assess their suitability for use in inks (I1-3 ). Spin coating and inkjet printing of I1,2 provides an easily up-scalable method toward the deposition of highly conductive copper device interconnects (ρ = 4.7-5.3 × 10-7 Ω m; ≈30% bulk) onto paper and polyimide substrates and forms functioning circuits that can power light-emitting diodes. The connection among ligand bulk, coordination number, and improved decomposition profile supports fundamental understanding which will direct future design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mrig
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Malavika A Bhide
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Nils Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Jingyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Samuel P Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Henry R Tinker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kristian L Mears
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Clare M Bakewell
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Caroline E Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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Ackermann MT, Seidl M, Grande R, Zhou Y, Ferguson MJ, Timoshkin AY, Rivard E, Scheer M. A convenient route to mixed cationic group 13/14/15 compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2313-2317. [PMID: 36873855 PMCID: PMC9977462 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06594k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of novel cationic mixed main group compounds is reported revealing a chain composed of different elements of group 13, 14, and 15. Reactions of different pnictogenylboranes R2EBH2·NMe3 (E = P, R = Ph, H; E = As, R = Ph, H) with the NHC-stabilized compound IDipp·GeH2BH2OTf (1) (IDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazole-2-ylidene) were carried out, yielding the novel cationic, mixed group 13/14/15 compounds [IDipp·GeH2BH2ER2BH2·NMe3]+ (2a E = P; R = Ph; 2b E = As; R = Ph; 3a E = P; R = H; 3b E = As; R = H) by the nucleophilic substitution of the triflate (OTf) group. The products were analysed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and for 2a and 2b also by X-ray structure analysis. Further reactions of 1 with H2EBH2·IDipp (E = P, As) resulted in the unprecedented parent complexes [IDipp·GeH2BH2EH2BH2·IDipp][OTf] (5a E = P; 5b E = As), which were studied by X-ray structure analysis, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Accompanying DFT computations give insight into the stability of the formed products with respect to their decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias T Ackermann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General and Theoretical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Riccardo Grande
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 199034 St Petersburg Russia
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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