1
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Chernykh AV, Vashchenko BV, Shishkina SV, Volochnyuk DM, Grygorenko OO. 3-Substituted 6-Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes: Nonclassical Piperidine Isosteres for Drug Discovery. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38989992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Advanced analogs of piperidine and smaller homologues of tropane─3-substituted 6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes─were synthesized on a large scale using readily available bulk reagents. The key step of the approach involved the double alkylation reaction of malonate with cis-2,4-bis(mesyloxymethyl)azetidine-1-carboxylate, in turn easily prepared on up to 1 kg scale. After hydrolysis, N-Boc-6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-3,3-dicarboxylic acid was obtained (up to 400 g in a single run), which was used as a common intermediate for the preparation of all the title building blocks. In particular, Pb(OAc)4-mediated oxidative decarboxylation of this intermediate gave 2,6-methanopiperidone derivative (up to 400 g scale), while monodecarboxylation gave N-Boc-6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-3-carboxylic acids as an easily separatable mixture of cis and trans diastereomers (up to 100 g scale). Further functional group transformations gave diastereopure cis- and trans-N-Boc-monoprotected diamines and amino alcohols. Molecular structure analysis using exit vector parameters (EVP) revealed that cis isomers of 3-substituted 6-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes are three-dimensional analogs of common 1,4-disubstituted piperidine chair conformer, whereas trans isomers can be considered as unusual "boat" piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Chernykh
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kuharya Street 5, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kuharya Street 5, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana V Shishkina
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of the NAS of Ukraine, Nauky Avenue 60, Kharkiv 61001, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kuharya Street 5, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kuharya Street 5, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
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2
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Giri R, Zhilin E, Katayev D. Divergent functionalization of alkenes enabled by photoredox activation of CDFA and α-halo carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10659-10667. [PMID: 38994427 PMCID: PMC11234866 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we present our studies on the solvent-controlled difunctionalization of alkenes utilizing chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA) and α-halo carboxylic acids for the synthesis of γ-lactones, γ-lactams and α,α-difluoroesters. Mechanistic insights revealed that photocatalytic reductive mesolytic cleavage of the C-X bond delivers elusive α-carboxyl alkyl radicals. In the presence of an olefin molecule, this species acts as a unique bifunctional intermediate allowing for stipulated formation of C-O, C-N and C-H bonds on Giese-type adducts via single electron transfer (SET) or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) events. These protocols exhibit great efficiency across a broad spectrum of readily available α-halo carboxylic acids and are amenable to scalability in both batch and flow. To demonstrate the versatility of this concept, the synthesis of (±)-boivinianin A, its fluorinated analog and eupomatilone-6 natural products was successfully accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Egor Zhilin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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3
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Wei XP, Wang XC, Ma T, Qiao XX, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. B(C 6F 5) 3/CPA-Catalyzed Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction of 3,3-Difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles and Unactivated Dienes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401008. [PMID: 38624085 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Here we report B(C6F5)3/CPA-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 3,3-difluoro-2-Aryl-3H-indoles with unactivated dienes to access chiral 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles. This protocol allows the formation of pyrazole-based C2-quaternary indolin-3-ones with high enantioselectivities and regioselectivities. Moreover, gram-scale synthesis of the 10,10-difluoro-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]indole skeleton was successfully achieved without any reduction in both yield and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Pin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xin-Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal, Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
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4
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Semeno VV, Vasylchenko VO, Fesun IM, Ruzhylo LY, Kipriianov MO, Melnykov KP, Skreminskyi A, Iminov R, Mykhailiuk P, Vashchenko BV, Grygorenko OO. Bicyclo[m.n.k]alkane Building Blocks as Promising Benzene and Cycloalkane Isosteres: Multigram Synthesis, Physicochemical and Structural Characterization. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303859. [PMID: 38149408 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic double bond functionalization - intramolecular enolate alkylation sequence was used to obtain a series of bridged and fused bicyclo[m.n.k]alkane derivatives (i. e., bicyclo[4.1.1]octanes, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes, bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes, and bicyclo[4.2.0]heptanes). The scope and limitations of the method were established, and applicability to the multigram synthesis of target bicyclic compounds was illustrated. Using the developed protocols, over 50 mono- and bifunctional building blocks relevant to medicinal chemistry were prepared. The synthesized compounds are promising isosteres of benzene and cycloalkane rings, which is confirmed by their physicochemical and structural characterization (pKa , LogP, and exit vector parameters (EVP)). "Rules of thumb" for the upcoming isosteric replacement studies were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr V Semeno
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Ihor M Fesun
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Yu Ruzhylo
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine " Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, Kyїv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo O Kipriianov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine " Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Beresteiskyi Ave. 37, Kyїv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn P Melnykov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Rustam Iminov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Bohdan V Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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5
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Zong Y, Tsui GC. Addition of Carboxylic Acids to gem-Difluoroalkenes for the Synthesis of gem-Difluoromethylenated Compounds. Org Lett 2024; 26:1261-1264. [PMID: 38301042 PMCID: PMC10877607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
We herein describe a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of carboxylic esters containing a gem-difluoromethylene unit. Readily available carboxylic acids can act as nucleophiles to add regioselectively to tetrasubstituted or trisubstituted β,β-difluoroacrylates (formal hydroacetoxylation) for the construction of RCO2-CF2 bonds. Thermal conditions are sufficient without the use of catalysts or additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories 999077, Hong
Kong SAR, China
| | - Gavin Chit Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories 999077, Hong
Kong SAR, China
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6
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Qiao XX, Zhao SN, Li Q, Ma T, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Cyclization Cascade Reactions of 3,3-Difluoro-2-aryl-3 H-indoles and Enamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1154-1159. [PMID: 38323790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of β-C(sp2)-H bonds in enamides has garnered increasing attention within the realm of organic synthesis. However, these remarkable advancements are predominantly dependent on transition metals; limited success has been achieved via organocatalytic catalysis. Herein, we report a CPA-catalyzed β-C(sp2)-H functionalization of enamides cascade intramolecular cyclization to synthesize the chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles bearing gem-difluoromethylene. Moreover, this methodology enables the synthesis of diverse chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles with outstanding enantioselectivities in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shi-Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
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7
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Ryabukhin SV, Bondarenko DV, Trofymchuk SA, Lega DA, Volochnyuk DM. Aza-Heterocyclic Building Blocks with In-Ring CF 2 -Fragment. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300283. [PMID: 37873869 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Modern organic chemistry is a titan supporting and reinforcing pharmaceutical, agricultural, food and material science products. Over the past decades, the organic compounds market has been evolving to meet all the research demands. In this regard, medicinal chemistry is especially dependent on available chemical space as subtle tuning of the molecule structure is required to create a drug with relevant physicochemical properties and a remarkable activity profile. The recent rapid evolution of synthetic methodology to deploy fluorine has brought fluorinated compounds to the spotlight of MedChem community. And now unique properties of fluorine still keep fascinating more and more as its justified installation into a molecular framework has a beneficial impact on membrane permeability, lipophilicity, metabolic stability, pharmacokinetic properties, conformation, pKa , etc. The backward influence of medicinal chemistry on organic synthesis has also changed the landscape of the latter towards new fluorinated topologies as well. Such complex relationships create a flexible and ever-changing ecosystem. Given that MedChem investigations strongly lean on the ability to reach suitable building blocks and the existence of reliable synthetic methods in this review we collected advances in the chemistry of respectful, but still enigmatic gem-difluorinated aza-heterocyclic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska str., 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademik Kukhar str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - D V Bondarenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska str., 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - S A Trofymchuk
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademik Kukhar str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - D A Lega
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- National University of Pharmacy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 53 Pushkinska str., 61002, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - D M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska str., 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademik Kukhar str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
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8
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Joseph E, Smith I, Tunge JA. Cobalt-catalyzed decarboxylative difluoroalkylation of nitrophenylacetic acid salts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13902-13907. [PMID: 38075641 PMCID: PMC10699560 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05583c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The selective installation of fluorine-containing groups into biologically relevant molecules has been used as a common strategy for the development of pharmaceutically active molecules. However, the selective incorporation of gem-difluoromethylene groups next to sterically demanding secondary and tertiary alkyl groups remains a challenge. Herein, we report the first cobalt-catalyzed regioselective difluoroalkylation of carboxylic acid salts. The reaction allows for the facile construction of various difluoroalkylated products in good yields tolerating a wide range of functionalities on either reaction partner. The potential of the method is illustrated by the late-stage functionalization of molecules of biological relevance. Mechanistic studies support the in situ formation of a cobalt(i) species and the intermediacy of difluoroalkyl radicals, thus suggesting a Co(i)/Co(ii)/Co(iii) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebbin Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas 1567 Irving Rd, Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Ian Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas 1567 Irving Rd, Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Jon A Tunge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas 1567 Irving Rd, Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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9
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Rentería-Gómez Á, Guerrero M, Ramirez-Lopez M, Gutierrez O. Regioselective Fluoroalkylarylation of Enamides Enabled by an Iron-Catalyzed Multicomponent Radical Cross-Coupling Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:7440-7445. [PMID: 37773979 PMCID: PMC10863403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylated compounds are important entities in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials. The catalytic dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes represents a powerful strategy for the rapid construction and diversification of compounds. In this vein, multicomponent cross-coupling reactions (MC-CCR) can provide an efficient synthetic route to build molecular complexity. In this work, we report the first iron-catalyzed three-component fluoroalkylarylation of enamides via selective formation and trapping of α-amide radicals under mild conditions and fast reaction times. The reaction tolerates a variety of commercially available aryl Grignard reagents and fluoroalkyl halides. Finally, the use of a removable phthalimido group provides an efficient strategy to prepare highly valuable γ-difluoroalkylated amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | | | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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10
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Alcázar JJ, Misad Saide AC, Campodónico PR. Reliable and accurate prediction of basic pK[Formula: see text] values in nitrogen compounds: the pK[Formula: see text] shift in supramolecular systems as a case study. J Cheminform 2023; 15:90. [PMID: 37770903 PMCID: PMC10540475 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-023-00763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach for predicting the acid dissociation constant (pK[Formula: see text]) of nitrogenous compounds, including those within supramolecular complexes based on cucurbiturils. The model combines low-cost quantum mechanical calculations with QSAR methodology and linear regressions to achieve accurate predictions for a broad range of nitrogen-containing compounds. The model was developed using a diverse dataset of 130 nitrogenous compounds and exhibits excellent predictive performance, with a high coefficient of determination (R[Formula: see text]) of 0.9905, low standard error (s) of 0.3066, and high Fisher statistic (F) of 2142. The model outperforms existing methods, such as Chemaxon software and previous studies, in terms of accuracy and its ability to handle heterogeneous datasets. External validation on pharmaceutical ingredients, dyes, and supramolecular complexes based on cucurbiturils confirms the reliability of the model. To enhance usability, a script-like tool has been developed, providing a streamlined process for users to access the model. This study represents a significant advancement in pK[Formula: see text] prediction, offering valuable insights for drug design and supramolecular system optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J. Alcázar
- Centro de Química Médica, Universidad del Desarrollo, Av.Plaza 680, 7780272 Santiago, RM Chile
| | | | - Paola R. Campodónico
- Centro de Química Médica, Universidad del Desarrollo, Av.Plaza 680, 7780272 Santiago, RM Chile
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11
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Melnykov KP, Nazar K, Smyrnov O, Skreminskyi A, Pavlenko S, Klymenko-Ulianov O, Shishkina S, Volochnyuk DM, Grygorenko OO. Mono- and Difluorinated Saturated Heterocyclic Amines for Drug Discovery: Systematic Study of Their Physicochemical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301383. [PMID: 37318940 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of physicochemical properties (pKa , LogP, and intrinsic microsomal clearance) within the series of mono- and difluorinated azetidine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine derivatives was performed. While the number of fluorine atoms and their distance to the protonation center were the major factors defining the compound's basicity, both pKa and LogP values were affected considerably by the conformational preferences of the corresponding derivatives. For example, features of "Janus face" (facially polarized) cyclic compounds (i. e., unusually high hydrophilicity) were identified for cis-3,5-difluoropiperidine, preferring a diaxial conformation. Intrinsic microsomal clearance measurements demonstrated high metabolic stability of the compounds studied (with a single exception of the 3,3-difluoroazetidine derivative). According to pKa - LogP plots, the title compounds provide a valuable extension of the fluorine-containing (e. g., fluoroalkyl-substituted) saturated heterocyclic amine series as building blocks for rational optimization studies in early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn P Melnykov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn Nazar
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Smyrnov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Serhii Pavlenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Svitlana Shishkina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyїv, 02660, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademik Kukhar Street 5, Kyїv, 02660, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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12
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Wang Z, Felstead HR, Troup RI, Linclau B, Williamson PTF. Lipophilicity Modulations by Fluorination Correlate with Membrane Partitioning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301077. [PMID: 36932824 PMCID: PMC10946813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds generally need to cross membranes to arrive at their site of action. The octanol-water partition coefficient (lipophilicity, logPOW ) has proven to be an excellent proxy for membrane permeability. In modern drug discovery, logPOW and bioactivity are optimized simultaneously, for which fluorination is one of the relevant strategies. The question arises as to which extent the often subtle logP modifications resulting from different aliphatic fluorine-motif introductions also lead to concomitant membrane permeability changes, given the difference in molecular environment between octanol and (anisotropic) membranes. It was found that for a given compound class, there is excellent correlation between logPOW values with the corresponding membrane molar partitioning coefficients (logKp ); a study enabled by novel solid-state 19 F NMR MAS methodology using lipid vesicles. Our results show that the factors that cause modulation of octanol-water partition coefficients similarly affect membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Hannah R. Felstead
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Robert I. Troup
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton HighfieldSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Campus SterreKrijgslaan 281-S49000GhentBelgium
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13
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Rao N, Li YZ, Luo YC, Zhang Y, Zhang X. Nickel-Catalyzed Multicomponent Carbodifluoroalkylation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Rao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Ze Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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14
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Rosko MC, Espinoza EM, Arteta S, Kromer S, Wheeler JP, Castellano FN. Employing Long-Range Inductive Effects to Modulate Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Photoluminescence in Homoleptic Cu(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3248-3259. [PMID: 36749829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Four Cu(I) bis(phenanthroline) photosensitizers formulated from a new ligand structural motif (Cu1-Cu4) coded according to their 2,9-substituents were synthesized, structurally characterized, and fully evaluated using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements as well as electrochemistry. The 2,9-disubstituted-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands feature the following six-membered ring systems prepared through photochemical synthesis: 4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl (1), tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl (2), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl (3), and 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl (4). Universally, these Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) chromophores display excited-state lifetimes on the microsecond time scale at room temperature, including the three longest-lived homoleptic cuprous phenanthroline excited states measured to date in de-aerated CH2Cl2, τ = 2.5-4.3 μs. This series of molecules also feature high PL quantum efficiencies (ΦPL = 5.3-12% in CH2Cl2). Temperature-dependent PL lifetime experiments confirmed that all these molecules exhibit reverse intersystem crossing and display thermally activated delayed PL from a 1MLCT excited state lying slightly above the 3MLCT state, 1050-1490 cm-1. Ultrafast and conventional transient absorption measurements confirmed that the PL originates from the MLCT excited state, which remains sterically arrested, preventing an excessive flattening distortion even when dissolved in Lewis basic CH3CN. Combined PL and electrochemical data provided evidence that Cu1-Cu4 are highly potent photoreductants (Eox* = -1.73 to -1.62 V vs Fc+/0 in CH3CN), whose potentials are altered solely based on which heteroatoms or substituents are resident on the 2,9-appended ring derivatives. It is proposed that long-range electronic inductive effects are responsible for the systematic modulation observed in the PL spectra, excited-state lifetimes, and the ground state absorption spectra and redox potentials. Cu1-Cu4 quantitatively follow the energy gap law, correlating well with structurally related cuprous phenanthrolines and are also shown to triplet photosensitize the excited states of 9,10-diphenylanthracene with bimolecular rate constants ranging from 1.61 to 2.82 × 108 M-1 s-1. The ability to tailor both photophysical and electrochemical properties using long-range inductive effects imposed by the 2,9-ring platforms advocates new directions for future MLCT chromophore discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Sarah Arteta
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Sarah Kromer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan P Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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15
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Li SW, Wang G, Ye ZS. Difluorocarbene Enabled Ester Insertion/1,4-Acyl Rearrangement of 2-Acetoxylpyridines: Modular Access to gem-Difluoromethylenated 2-Pyridones. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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16
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Cui H, Ban C, Zhu F, Yuan J, Du J, Huang Y, Xiao Q, Huang C, Huang J, Zhu Q. Difluorocarbene-Triggered Acyl Rearrangement Reaction: A Strategy for the Direct Introduction of the gem-Difluoromethylene Group. Org Lett 2023; 25:99-103. [PMID: 36546836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel metal- and catalyst-free dearomative reaction of 2-oxypyridines to construct gem-difluoromethylenated N-substituted 2-pyridones has been developed. The reaction involves an attractive acyl rearrangement from O to CF2 of difluorocarbene-derived pyridinium ylides, which provides a new strategy for the direct introduction of the gem-difluoromethylene group with high efficiency and selectivity as well as broad substrate scope. Gram-scale synthesis and synthetic transformations have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Caijin Ban
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengting Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingmei Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chusheng Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, Guangxi 530100, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, People's Republic of China
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17
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Feng X, Ren J, Gao X, Min Q, Zhang X. 3,3‐Difluoroallyl Sulfonium Salts: Practical and Bench‐Stable Reagents for Highly Regioselective
gem
‐Difluoroallylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210103. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Tian Feng
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Jin‐Xiu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiao‐Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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18
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Feng XT, Ren JX, Gao X, Min QQ, Zhang X. 3,3‐Difluoroallyl Sulfonium Salts: Practical and Bench‐Stable Reagents for Highly Regioselective gem‐Difluoroallylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Feng
- Zhengzhou University Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Jin-Xiu Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Linling road Shanghai CHINA
| | - Xing Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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19
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Wang Y, Lee W, Chen YC, Zhou Y, Plise E, Migliozzi M, Crawford JJ. Turning the Other Cheek: Influence of the cis-Tetrafluorocyclohexyl Motif on Physicochemical and Metabolic Properties. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1517-1523. [PMID: 36105337 PMCID: PMC9465827 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The targeted introduction of substituents in order to
tailor a
molecule’s pharmacologic, physicochemical, and metabolic properties
has long been of interest to medicinal chemists. The all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl motif—dubbed Janus face, due to its
electrostatically polarized cyclohexyl ring—represents one
such example where chemists might incorporate a metabolically stable,
polar, lipocompatible motif. To better understand its potential utility,
we have synthesized three series of matched molecular pairs (MMPs)
where each MMP differs only in the cyclohexane unit, i.e., with a
tetrafluorocyclohexyl or a standard cyclohexyl motif. With the introduction
of the facially polarized all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl
ring, the resulting compounds have significantly modified physicochemical
properties (e.g., kinetic solubility, lipophilicity and permeability)
and metabolic stabilities. These results further speak to the promise
of this substituent as a tactic to improve the drug-like properties
of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuhui Zhou
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emile Plise
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Madyson Migliozzi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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20
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Melnykov KP, Voloshyna OV, Vashchenko BV, Demchuk OP, Hryshchuk OV, Grygorenko OO. 4,4‐Difluorospiro[2.2]pentan‐1‐yl – A Fluorinated Substituent to Expand the Synthetic and Medicinal Chemists’ Toolbox. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn P. Melnykov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
| | - Olena V. Voloshyna
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
| | | | | | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv: Kiivs'kij nacional'nij universitet imeni Tarasa Sevcenka Chemical Faculty UKRAINE
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