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Songsri S, McErlain H, Sutherland A. Stereoselective Synthesis of meso- and l,l-Diaminopimelic Acids from Enone-Derived α-Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38955772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP), the key cross-linking amino acid of the peptidoglycan cell wall layer in Gram-negative bacteria, and its biological precursor, l,l-DAP, is described. The key step involved stereoselective reduction of a common enone-derived amino acid by substrate- or reagent-based control. Overman rearrangement of the resulting allylic alcohols, concurrent alkene hydrogenation and trichloroacetamide reduction, and subsequent ruthenium-catalyzed arene oxidation completed the synthesis of each stereoisomer. The synthetic utility of this approach was demonstrated with the efficient preparation of an l,l-DAP-derived dipeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sineenard Songsri
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Holly McErlain
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- School of Chemistry, The Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Zhang XL, Báti G, Li C, Guo A, Yeo C, Ding H, Pal KB, Xu Y, Qiao Y, Liu XW. GlcNAc-1,6-anhydro-MurNAc Moiety Affords Unusual Glycosyl Acceptor that Terminates Peptidoglycan Elongation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7400-7407. [PMID: 38456799 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG), an essential exoskeletal polymer in bacteria, is a well-known antibiotic target. PG polymerization requires the action of bacterial transglycosylases (TGases), which couple the incoming glycosyl acceptor to the donor. Interfering with the TGase activity can interrupt the PG assembly. Existing TGase inhibitors like moenomycin and Lipid II analogues always occupy the TGase active sites; other strategies to interfere with proper PG elongation have not been widely exploited. Inspired by the natural 1,6-anhydro-MurNAc termini that mark the ends of PG strands in bacteria, we hypothesized that the incorporation of an anhydromuramyl-containing glycosyl acceptor by TGase into the growing PG may effectively inhibit PG elongation. To explore this possibility, we synthesized 4-O-(N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-d-muramyl-l-Ala-γ-d-Glu-l-Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala, 1, within 15 steps, and demonstrated that this anhydromuropeptide and its analogue lacking the peptide, 1-deAA, were both utilized by bacterial TGase as noncanonical anhydro glycosyl acceptors in vitro. The incorporation of an anhydromuramyl moiety into PG strands by TGases afforded efficient termination of glycan chain extension. Moreover, the preliminary in vitro studies of 1-deAA against Staphylococcus aureus showed that 1-deAA served as a reasonable antimicrobial adjunct of vancomycin. These insights imply the potential application of such anhydromuropeptides as novel classes of PG-terminating inhibitors, pointing toward novel strategies in antibacterial agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Gábor Báti
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Aoxin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Claresta Yeo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Han Ding
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kumar Bhaskar Pal
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Braun C, Wingen LM, Menche D. Strategies and tactics for the synthesis of lipid I and II and shortened analogues: functional building blocks of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1718-1734. [PMID: 37492928 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Covering: the literature up to 2022This study discusses various synthetic strategies for the synthesis of lipid II, the pivotal bacterial cell wall precursor. In detail, it examines different solution phase approaches, reviews various solid phase sequences, and evaluates enzymatic ventures. The underlying rationale, scope, limitations, and perspectives of these strategies are discussed. The focus is on the tactics and strategies towards the authentic peptidoglycan compound, as well as analogues thereof with shortened side chains, which are increasingly recognized as more beneficial surrogates with more favorable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Braun
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Martin Wingen
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Rousseau A, Michaud J, Pradeau S, Armand S, Cottaz S, Richard E, Fort S. Hijacking the Peptidoglycan Recycling Pathway of Escherichia coli to Produce Muropeptides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202991. [PMID: 36256497 PMCID: PMC10107939 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Soluble fragments of peptidoglycan called muropeptides are released from the cell wall of bacteria as part of their metabolism or as a result of biological stresses. These compounds trigger immune responses in mammals and plants. In bacteria, they play a major role in the induction of antibiotic resistance. The development of efficient methods to produce muropeptides is, therefore, desirable both to address their mechanism of action and to design new antibacterial and immunostimulant agents. Herein, we engineered the peptidoglycan recycling pathway of Escherichia coli to produce N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminyl-(1→4)-1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-D-muramic acid (GlcNAc-anhMurNAc), a common precursor of Gram-negative and Gram-positive muropeptides. Inactivation of the hexosaminidase nagZ gene allowed the efficient production of this key disaccharide, providing access to Gram-positive muropeptides through subsequent chemical peptide conjugation. E. coli strains deficient in both NagZ hexosaminidase and amidase activities further enabled the in vivo production of Gram-negative muropeptides containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, a rarely available amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Michaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sylvie Armand
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Sébastien Fort
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Vanable EP, Habgood LG, Patrone JD. Current Progress in the Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Natural Products. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196373. [PMID: 36234909 PMCID: PMC9571504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products, with their array of structural complexity, diversity, and biological activity, have inspired generations of chemists and driven the advancement of techniques in their total syntheses. The field of natural product synthesis continuously evolves through the development of methodologies to improve stereoselectivity, yield, scalability, substrate scope, late-stage functionalization, and/or enable novel reactions. One of the more interesting and unique techniques to emerge in the last thirty years is the use of chemoenzymatic reactions in the synthesis of natural products. This review highlights some of the recent examples and progress in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of natural products from 2019–2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P. Vanable
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Elmhurst University, Elmhurst, IL 60126, USA
| | - Laurel G. Habgood
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
| | - James D. Patrone
- Department of Chemistry, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA
- Correspondence:
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