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Kou X. Mechanistic Insight Into the Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Liquid-State NMR Studies. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38446616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2324299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been widely investigated as promising catalysts due to their metal-free feature and ability to activate small molecules. Over the last few years, the structure, dynamics and interactions between the Lewis centers and their effects on the reactivity with different substrates have been studied. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool in studying the reaction intermediates, kinetics and mechanism of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs). Various NMR experiments have been applied to precisely determine the association or cooperativity of FLPs and one or two-dimensional spectra were obtained. Herein, insights coming from NMR spectroscopy for FLPs are presented, the structure and reactivity of FLPs in solution are described, and their effects on the kinetics and mechanism of different substrates are also illustrated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Kou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Kim H, Lough A, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Stephan DW. Addition and NN bond cleavage of diazo-compounds by phosphino-phosphenium cations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1031-1034. [PMID: 38174434 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05728c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The phosphino-phosphenium cation (PPC) [Ph3PPPh2][GaCl4] reacts as a frustrated Lewis pair to add across the NN bond of (tBuO2CN)2. In contrast, photolytical addition [Ph2ClPPPh2][GaCl4] to (RN)2 results in cleavage of the NN bond affording [Ph2P(μ-NR)2PPh2Cl][GaCl4] (R = Ph 2, C6H4Cl3). While the chloride of 2 is replaced with N3 or CN via reaction with Me3SiN3 or tBuNC respectively, reaction with (C6F5)2BH effects ring opening to give [HN(Ph)PPh2(μ-NPh)PPh2][GaCl4] 7. This reactivity demonstrates that PPCs behave as FLPs to effect either addition or cleavage of NN double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehwang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Alan Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, Bonn 53115, Germany.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
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Chen B, Jäkle F. Boron-Nitrogen Lewis Pairs in the Assembly of Supramolecular Macrocycles, Molecular Cages, Polymers, and 3D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313379. [PMID: 37815889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Covering an exceptionally wide range of bond strengths, the dynamic nature and facile tunability of dative B-N bonds is highly attractive when it comes to the assembly of supramolecular polymers and materials. This Minireview offers an overview of advances in the development of functional materials where Lewis pairs (LPs) play a key role in their assembly and critically influence their properties. Specifically, we describe the reversible assembly of linear polymers with interesting optical, electronic and catalytic properties, discrete macrocycles and molecular cages that take up diverse guest molecules and undergo structural changes triggered by external stimuli, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with intriguing interlocked structures that can embed and separate gases such as CO2 and acetylene, and soft polymer networks that serve as recyclable, self-healing, and responsive thermosets, gels and elastomeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Bedi V, Mandal D, Hussain Z, Chen SM, Wu Y, Qu ZW, Grimme S, Stephan DW. The impact of Lewis acid variation on reactions with di- tert-butyl diazo diesters. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:439-443. [PMID: 38093643 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reactions of (tBuO2CN)2 with Lewis acids and FLPs have previously been shown to prompt the formation of diazene compounds. In this work, we show that the reaction of (tBuO2CN)2 with 9-BBN leads to a bicyclic heterocyclic product (tBuOCO(BBN)CN)21. In contrast, the reactions of (tBuO2CN)2 with BF3 or [Et3Si][B(C6F5)4] lead to the isolation of [tBuNHNH2tBu][BF4] 2 and [tBuN(H)NtBu][B(C6F5)4] 3, respectively. The mechanism for the formation of 2 is probed computationally, demonstrating that steric and electronic considerations of the Lewis acid impact the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Bedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Dipendu Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Yile Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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