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Jin YX, Bai LX, Guo JC. FK 4H 4-: Planar Tetracoordinate Fluorine Stabilized by Multicenter Ionic Bonding. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39376082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Planar tetracoordinate fluorine (ptF) species are very exotic and scarce due to high electronegativity of fluorine. Herein we report the ternary square ptF cluster, D4h FK4H4-, which is composed of a F center, a square K4 ring, and four outer H bridges. It is a true global minimum (GM) structure and possesses good dynamic stability. Bonding analyses indicate that there are four lone pairs for the central F atom, along with four K-H-K three-center two-electron (3c-2e) σ bonds for the peripheral K4H4 ligand ring. The stability of ptF is dominated by multicenter ionic bonds rather than the supposed σ aromaticity of the system. Excitingly, it is a pseudohalogen anion with the VDE 3.57 eV at the CCSD(T) level. The merge of ptF with pseudohalogen anion character makes the FK4H4- cluster an exotic species, which will motivate theoretical and experimental studies on novel ptF species as well as superhalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Li-Xia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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Bai LX, Gao CY, Guo JC, Li SD. Cl©Li 5Cl 5-: A Star-like Superhalogen Anion Featuring a Planar Pentacoordinate Chlorine at the Center. Molecules 2024; 29:3831. [PMID: 39202910 PMCID: PMC11357008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the known planar pentacoordinate atoms, chlorine is missing due to its large radius and high electronegativity. Herein, we report the first star-like superhalogen anion D5h Cl©Li5Cl5- (1), which contains a planar pentacoordinate chlorine (ppCl) at the center. Computer structural searches and high-level calculations reveal that 1 is a true global minimum (GM) on the potential energy surfaces. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate it is kinetically stable against isomerization or decomposition. Although detailed chemical bonding analyses reveal one delocalized 6c-2e σ bond over the Cl©Li5 central unit and five delocalized 3c-2e σ bonds along the periphery, while aromaticity has very little beneficial effect on stability, instead, ionic interaction dominates the stability of the system. More encouragingly, with the large HOMO-LUMO energy gap of 7.66 eV and vertical detachment energy of 7.87 eV, the highly chemically inert 1 can be viewed as a typical superhalogen anion and is possible to be synthesized and characterized in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (L.-X.B.); (C.-Y.G.)
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; (L.-X.B.); (C.-Y.G.)
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Cui LJ, Liu XB, Zhang HY, Yan B, Orozco-Ic M, Pan S, Cui ZH. In nTl 4-nH + ( n = 0∼4): Tetracoordinate Hydrogen in a Planar Fashion? Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13938-13947. [PMID: 38996364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The recent report of planar tetracoordinate hydrogen (ptH) in In4H+ is very intriguing in planar hypercoordinate chemistry. Our high-level CCSD(T) calculations revealed that the proposed D4h-symmetric ptH In4H+ is a first-order saddle point with an imaginary frequency in the out-of-plane mode of the hydrogen atom. In fact, at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV5Z/aug-cc-pV5Z-PP level, the C4v isomer, with the H atom located 0.70 Å above the In4 plane, is 0.5 kcal/mol more stable than the D4h isomer. However, given the small perturbation from planarity and essentially barrierless C4v ↔ D4h ↔ C4v transition, the vibrationally averaged structure can still be considered as a planar. Extending our exploration to the InnTl4-nH+ (n = 0-3) systems, we found all these ptH structures, except for In2Tl2H+, to be the putative global minimum. The single σ-delocalized interaction between the central hydrogen atom and InnTl4-n ligand rings proves pivotal in establishing planarity and aromaticity and conferring substantial stability upon these rule-breaking ptH species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Xin-Bo Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi 20018, Spain
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Cui LJ, Li Y, Leyva-Parra L, Tiznado W, Pan S, Cui ZH. Revisiting the Structure and Bonding in Li 5H 6- and the Exploration of Reactivity: Planar Pentacoordinate Hydrogen. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4806-4813. [PMID: 38839423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Recently, Guha and co-workers (Sarmah, K.; Kalita, A.; Purkayastha, S.; Guha, A. K. Pushing The Extreme of Multicentre Bonding: Planar Pentacoordinate Hydride. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, e202318741) reported a highly intriguing bonding motif: planar pentacoordinate hydrogen (ppH) in Li5H6-, featuring C2v symmetry in the singlet state with two distinct H-Li (center-ring) bond distances. We herein revisited the potential energy surface of Li5H6- by using a target-oriented genetic algorithm. Our investigation revealed that the lowest-energy structure of Li5H6- exhibits a ppH configuration with very high D5h symmetry and a 1A1' electronic state. We did not find any electronic effect like Jahn-Teller distortion that could be responsible for lowering its symmetry. Moreover, our calculations demonstrated significant differences in the relative energies of other low-lying isomers. An energetically very competitive planar tetracoordinate hydrogen (ptH) isomer is also located, but it corresponds to a very shallow minimum on the potential energy surface depending on the used level of theory. Chemical bonding analyses, including AdNDP and EDA-NOCV, uncover that the optimal Lewis structure for Li5H6- involves H- ions stabilized by the Li5H5 crown. Surprisingly, despite the dominance of electrostatic interactions, the contribution from covalent bonding is also significant between ppH and the Li5H5 moiety, derived from H-(1s) → Li5H5 σ donation. Magnetically induced current density analysis revealed that due to minimal orbital overlap and the highly polar nature of the H-Li covalent interaction, the ppH exhibits local diatropic ring currents around the H centers, which fails to result in a global aromatic ring current. The coordination of Li5H6- with Lewis acids, BH3 and BMe3, instantly converts the ppH configuration to (quasi) ptH. These Lewis acid-bound ptH complexes show high electronic stability and high thermochemical stability against dissociation and, therefore, will be ideal candidates for the experimental realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Yahui Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Luis Leyva-Parra
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, Santiago de Chile 8370146, Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, Santiago de Chile 8370146, Chile
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Liu XB, Tiznado W, Cui LJ, Barroso J, Leyva-Parra L, Miao LH, Zhang HY, Pan S, Merino G, Cui ZH. Exploring the Use of "Honorary Transition Metals" To Push the Boundaries of Planar Hypercoordinate Alkaline-Earth Metals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16689-16697. [PMID: 38843775 PMCID: PMC11191695 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The quest for planar hypercoordinate atoms (phA) beyond six has predominantly focused on transition metals, with dodecacoordination being the highest reported thus far. Extending this bonding scenario to main-group elements, which typically lack d orbitals despite their larger atomic radius, has posed significant challenges. Intrigued by the potentiality of covalent bonding formation using the d orbitals of the heavier alkaline-earth metals (Ae = Ca, Sr, Ba), the so-called "honorary transition metals", we aim to push the boundaries of planar hypercoordination. By including rings formed by 12-15 atoms of boron-carbon and Ae centers, we propose a design scheme of 180 candidates with a phA. Further systematic screening, structural examination, and stability assessments identified 10 potential clusters with a planar hypercoordinate alkaline-earth metal (phAe) as the lowest-energy form. These unconventional structures embody planar dodeca-, trideca-, tetradeca-, and pentadecacoordinate atoms. Chemical bonding analyses reveal the important role of Ae d orbitals in facilitating covalent interactions between the central Ae atom and the surrounding boron-carbon rings, thereby establishing a new record for coordination numbers in the two-dimensional realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-bo Liu
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro
de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C),
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Li-Juan Cui
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Jorge Barroso
- Department
of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Luis Leyva-Parra
- Centro
de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C),
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Lin-hong Miao
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Hui-yu Zhang
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación
y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso.
Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, México
| | - Zhong-hua Cui
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- Key
Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry
of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
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Jin B, Wang ZR, Wu YB. Tetracoordinate or tricoordinate? Planar tetracoordinate nitrogen in the NBe4H4- cluster stabilized by multicenter bonds. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054304. [PMID: 38341688 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Realization of planar tetracoordinate arrangements of nitrogen atoms is challenging because their preference for localized bonding (caused by its high electronegativity) makes them typically tricoordinate. This is especially true for the more electronegative oxygen atoms. Herein, we computationally designed two clusters NBe4H4- and OBe4H4; they contain a planar tetracoordinate nitrogen (ptN) and planar tetracoordinate oxygen (ptO) atom, respectively. Remarkably, the former is a dynamically stable global minimum, while the latter is not. The bonding analysis proves that planar tetracoordination in NBe4H4- favors over tricoordination because of the presence of multicenter delocalized bonds. In contrast, the planar tricoordination dominates due to its weak delocalized bonding ability of oxygen in the OBe4H4 cluster. Moreover, the 6σ/2π double aromaticity due to multicenter delocalized bonds allows the NBe4H4- cluster to obtain additional stability. This cluster is a promising synthetic due its dynamic and thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Ran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou 034000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Jin B, Yan M, Feng LY, Miao CQ, Wang YJ. CBe 2 H 5 - : Unprecedented 2σ/2π Double Aromaticity and Dynamic Structural Fluxionality in a Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon Cluster. Chemistry 2024:e202304134. [PMID: 38205620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A 14-electron ternary anionic CBe2 H5 - cluster containing a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom is designed herein. Remarkably, it can be stabilized by only two beryllium atoms with both π-acceptor/σ-donor properties and two hydrogen atoms, which means that the conversion from planar methane (transition state) to ptC species (global minimum) requires the substitution of only two hydrogen atoms. Moreover, two ligand H atoms exhibit alternate rotation, giving rise to interesting dynamic fluxionality in this cluster. The electronic structure analysis reveals the flexible bonding positions of ligand H atoms due to C-H localized bonds, highlighting the rotational fluxionality in the cluster, and two CBe2 3c-2e delocalized bonds endow its rare 2σ/2π double aromaticity. Unprecedentedly, the fluxional process exhibits a conversion in the type of bonding (σ bond↔π bond), which is an uncommon fluxional mechanism. The cluster can be seen as an attempt to apply planar hypercoordinate carbon species to molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
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