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Lloyd MD, Yevglevskis M, Lee GL, Wood PJ, Threadgill MD, Woodman TJ. α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR): Metabolic enzyme, drug metabolizer and cancer marker P504S. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:220-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bai J, Wang MX, Chowbay B, Ching CB, Chen WN. Metabolic profiling of HepG2 cells incubated with S(-) and R(+) enantiomers of anti-coagulating drug warfarin. Metabolomics 2011; 7:353-362. [PMID: 21949493 PMCID: PMC3155677 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-010-0262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Warfarin is a commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant with narrow therapeutic index. It achieves anti-coagulating effects by interfering with the vitamin K cycle. Warfarin has two enantiomers, S(-) and R(+) and undergoes stereoselective metabolism, with the S(-) enantiomer being more effective. We reported the intracellular metabolic profile in HepG2 cells incubated with S(-) and R(+) warfarin by GCMS. Chemometric method PCA was applied to analyze the individual samples. A total of 80 metabolites which belong to different categories were identified. Two batches of experiments (with and without the presence of vitamin K) were designed. In samples incubated with S(-) and R(+) warfarin, glucuronic acid showed significantly decreased in cells incubated with R(+) warfarin but not in those incubated with S(-) warfarin. It may partially explain the lower bio-activity of R(+) warfarin. And arachidonic acid showed increased in cells incubated with S(-) warfarin but not in those incubated with R(+) warfarin. In addition, a number of small molecules involved in γ-glutamyl cycle displayed ratio variations. Intracellular glutathione detection further validated the results. Taken together, our findings provided molecular evidence on a comprehensive metabolic profile on warfarin-cell interaction which may shed new lights on future improvement of warfarin therapy. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-010-0262-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459 Singapore
| | - Ming Xuan Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459 Singapore
| | - Balram Chowbay
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610 Singapore
| | - Chi Bun Ching
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459 Singapore
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459 Singapore
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Woodman TJ, Wood PJ, Thompson AS, Hutchings TJ, Steel GR, Jiao P, Threadgill MD, Lloyd MD. Chiral inversion of 2-arylpropionyl-CoA esters by human α-methylacyl-CoA racemase 1A (P504S)—a potential mechanism for the anti-cancer effects of ibuprofen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7332. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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HAWKINS MG, TAYLOR IT, CRAIGMILL AL, TELL LA. Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of racemic carprofen in New Zealand white rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:423-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liquid chromatographic–electrospray mass spectrometric determination (LC–ESI-MS) of phase II metabolites of flobufen in rat liver microsomes—Chiral discrimination. Talanta 2008; 75:494-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ali I, Gupta VK, Aboul-Enein HY, Singh P, Sharma B. Role of racemization in optically active drugs development. Chirality 2007; 19:453-63. [PMID: 17393472 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
U.S. Food and Drug Administration issues certain guidelines for marketing of optically active drugs as some enantiomers racemize into human body, leading to the generation of other antipodes, which may be toxic or ballast to the human beings. Moreover, racemization reduces the administrated dosage concentration as optically active enantiomer converted into its inactive counter part. Therefore, the study of racemization of such type of drugs is an important and urgent need of today. This article describes in vitro and in vivo racemization of optically active drugs. The racemization process of various optically active drugs has been discussed considering the effect of different variables i.e. pH, temperature, concentration of the drug, ionic concentration, etc. Attempts have also been made to discuss the mechanisms of racemization. Besides, efforts have been made to suggest the safe dosages of such type of drugs too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Trejtnar F, Král R, Pávek P, Wsól V. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics and metabolism of flobufen in guinea pigs. Chirality 2003; 15:724-9. [PMID: 12923810 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective aspects of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a chiral nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, flobufen, 4-(2', 4'-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methyl-4-oxobutanoic acid, were studied in male guinea pigs after p.o. administration of racemic flobufen (rac-flobufen) at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at intervals over 16 h after the administration of rac-flobufen for the quantification of flobufen enantiomers and their respective metabolites in plasma by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of R- and S-flobufen. The plasma concentrations of the S- and R-enantiomers differed significantly during the experimental period. The S/R-enantiomeric ratio in 7plasma reached a maximum value of 10.1 at 240 min postdose. The oral clearance value of R-flobufen was five times higher than S-flobufen. The other pharmacokinetic parameters (K(e), T(1/2), V(SS)/F, MRT) of the enantiomers also differed substantially. All four stereoisomers of the dihydrometabolite of flobufen were detected in plasma with varying concentrations. Metabolite 17203 [4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-phenylacetic acid] exhibited a relatively longer residence time compared to that noted for the enantiomers of the parent compound. Pharmacokinetics of the flobufen enantiomers were stereoselective in guinea pigs. The metabolism of flobufen was complex. However, metabolite 17203 seemed to be the main metabolite of flobufen that may be responsible for its relatively long-lasting antiphlogistic and immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Trejtnar
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Kral R, Skalova L, Szotakova B, Velik J, Schroterova L, Babu YN, Wsol V. The stereospecificity of flobufen metabolism in isolated guinea pig hepatocytes. BMC Pharmacol 2003; 3:5. [PMID: 12791169 PMCID: PMC165433 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2003] [Accepted: 06/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flobufen (F) is an original nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with one center of chirality. 4-Dihydroflobufen (DHF), compound with two chiral centers, is the main metabolite of F in microsomes and cytosol in all standard laboratory animals. This work describes the biotransformation of F enantiomers and DHF stereoisomers in isolated male guinea pig hepatocytes. Guinea pigs were chosen with respect to similarities in F metabolism as in Man found earlier. R-F, S-F, (2R;4S)-DHF, (2S;4R)-DHF, (2S;4S)-DHF and (2R;4R)-DHF, structurally very similar compounds, served as substrates in order to observe their interaction with enzymes. Stereospecificity of the respective enzymes was studied in vitro, using hepatocytes monolayer. Chiral HPLC using R,R-ULMO column as chiral stationary phase was used for detection and quantitation of metabolites. RESULTS (2R;4S)-DHF and (2S;4S)-DHF were the principle stereoisomers detected after incubation with rac-F, R-F and S-F. The ratio of (2R;4S)-DHF/(2S;4S)-DHF ranged from 1.1 to 2.4 depending on the substrate used. (2R;4S)-DHF was the major stereoisomer found after incubation with (2S;4S)-DHF and (2R;4R)-DHF. (2S;4S)-DHF was the principle stereoisomer found after incubation with (2R;4S)-DHF and (2S;4R)-DHF. Besides DHF stereoisomers, other metabolites (M-17203, UM-1 and UM-2) were also detected after incubation of hepatocytes monolayer with F. Interestingly, these metabolites were not found in incubation of all F forms and DHF with fresh liver homogenate. CONCLUSIONS Different activities and stereospecificities of the respective enzymes were observed for each substrate in primary culture of hepatocytes. Cell integrity is crucial for formation of secondary metabolites M-17203, UM-1 and UM-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Kral
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center LN00B125, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skalova
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center LN00B125, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Szotakova
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center LN00B125, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Velik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislava Schroterova
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center LN00B125, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yogeeta N Babu
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center LN00B125, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Wsol
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Center LN00B125, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Skálová L, Wsól V, Baliharová V, Král R, Szotáková B, Velík J, Lamka J. Reduction of flobufen in pig hepatocytes: effect of pig breed (domestic, wild) and castration. Chirality 2003; 15:213-9. [PMID: 12582986 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the biotransformation processes of veterinary drugs and food supplements in food-producing animals is increasingly important. Residual levels of parent compounds or their metabolites in food of animal origin may differ with the breed, breeding conditions, and gender of animals. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug flobufen, 4-(2',4'-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)-2-methyl-4-oxobutanoic acid (racemic or its individual enantiomers) was used as a model to evaluate differences in activity, stereoselectivity, and stereospecificity of reductases in primary cultures of hepatocytes from intact male or castrated male domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) or male wild pig (Sus scrofa scrofa). Time-dependent consumption of flobufen enantiomers and formation of dihydroflobufen (DHF) diastereoisomers as their principal metabolites in hepatocytes were measured using chiral HPLC. Flobufen reduction in hepatocytes from all three experimental groups of animals was stereoselective ((+)-R-flobufen was predominantly metabolized) and stereospecific (2R;4S-DHF and 2S;4S-DHF diastereoisomers were preferentially formed). Flobufen reductases activity in male domestic pigs was 30 times higher compared to castrated pigs. Flobufen reductases activity was similar in domestic and wild pigs. The stereospecificity and stereoselectivity of DHF production did not significantly differ with breed or castration of animal. Chiral inversion of flobufen enantiomers was also studied and differences between castrated and intact male pigs were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Research Centre LN00B125, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Kral R, Skalova L, Szotakova B, Babu YN, Wsol V. Stereospecificity of flobufen metabolism in guinea pigs in vitro and in vivo: Phase I of biotransformation. Chirality 2003; 16:1-9. [PMID: 14628293 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flobufen (F) is an original nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that exists in two enantiomeric forms. Its biotransformation was investigated in male guinea pigs because of the similarities shown in a preliminary F metabolic study between guinea pig and man. Stereospecificity of the respective enzymes was studied in vitro, using microsomes and cytosol, and in vivo, in urine and feces. Rac-F, R-F, and S-F served as substrates. The amount of 4-dihydroflobufen stereoisomers (DHF) and other metabolites (M-17203 and UM-2) was determined by chiral HPLC using an R,R-ULMO column. It was observed that F reductases were distributed differently in microsomes and cytosol. The microsomal fraction showed higher activity and different stereospecificity in rac-F, R-F, and S-F reduction compared to cytosol. (2R;4S)-DHF was the principle metabolite in microsomes and (2S;4S)-DHF was the principle metabolite in cytosol. In vivo experiments revealed the excretion of a main metabolite UM-2 in addition to other metabolites M-17203 and DHF stereoisomers. UM-2 was predominantly excreted after S-F administration. Stereoselectivity of DHF stereoisomers excretion was different in urine and in feces. The absence of UM-2 and M-17203 in microsomes and cytosol and their presence in urine and feces showed that both could arise in some other extrahepatic tissue or cell compartment or that their formation depends on liver cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Kral
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Centre LN00B125, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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