1
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Richards SE, Bradshaw PR, Johnson CH, Stachulski AV, Athersuch TJ, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Wilson ID. Transacylation and hydrolysis of the acyl glucuronides of ibuprofen and its α-methyl-substituted analogues investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and computational chemistry: Implications for drug design. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 246:116238. [PMID: 38805849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Drugs and drug metabolites containing a carboxylic-acid moiety can undergo in vivo conjugation to form 1-β-O-acyl-glucuronides (1-β-O-AGs). In addition to hydrolysis, these conjugates can undergo spontaneous acyl migration, and anomerisation reactions, resulting in a range of positional isomers. Facile transacylation has been suggested as a mechanism contributing to the toxicity of acyl glucuronides, with the kinetics of these processes thought to be a factor. Previous 1H NMR spectroscopic and HPLC-MS studies have been conducted to measure the degradation rates of the 1-β-O-AGs of three nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibufenac, R-ibuprofen, S-ibuprofen) and a dimethyl-analogue (termed here as "bibuprofen"). These studies have also determined the relative contributions of hydrolysis and acyl migration in both buffered aqueous solution, and human plasma. Here, a detailed kinetic analysis is reported, providing the individual rate constants for the acyl migration and hydrolysis reactions observed in buffer for each of the 4 AGs, together with the overall degradation rate constants of the parent 1-β-O-AGs. Computational modelling of the reactants and transition states of the transacylation reaction using density functional theory indicated differences in the activation energies that reflected the influence of both substitution and stereochemistry on the rate of transacylation/hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena E Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter R Bradshaw
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Andrew V Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- The Australian National Phenome Centre and Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, Perth WA6150, Australia; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2NA, UK
| | - John C Lindon
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, London W12 0NN, UK.
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2
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Lassfolk R, Leino R. Mechanism of Acyl Group Migration in Carbohydrates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301489. [PMID: 37265378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Acyl group migration has been the subject of several studies. Such migration processes may cause problems during synthesis, isolation, and purification of different acyl-bearing compounds, and have biological relevance, for example, in the metabolism of pharmaceuticals. Considering the recent evidence of acyl group migration being possible even over glycosidic bonds, it could be hypothesized to be involved also in the regulation of biological activity of natural polysaccharides in the host cells. Migrations are mostly observed in carbohydrates, typically having several hydroxyl groups near each other. Several studies have investigated the migration in a single or only a few different carbohydrate molecules, providing different suggestions for the mechanisms of migration, seldom supported by comprehensive computational investigations. In this concept article we discuss the recent progress on the mechanistic aspects of acyl group migration, with carbohydrates in particular focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Turku Centre for Chemical and Molecular Analytics, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
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3
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Lassfolk R, Pedrón M, Tejero T, Merino P, Wärnå J, Leino R. Acyl Group Migration in Pyranosides as Studied by Experimental and Computational Methods. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200499. [PMID: 35302249 PMCID: PMC9322027 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acyl group migration affects the synthesis, isolation, manipulation and purification of all acylated organic compounds containing free hydroxyl groups, in particular carbohydrates. While several isolated studies on the migration phenomenon in different buffers have been reported, comprehensive insights into the overall migration process in different monosaccharides under similar conditions have been lacking. Here, we have studied the acyl migration in different monosaccharides using five different acyl groups by a combination of experimental, kinetic and theoretical tools. The results show that the anomeric configuration in the monosaccharide has a major influence on the migration rate, together with the relative configurations of the other hydroxyl groups and the nature of the migrating acyl group. Full mechanistic model, based on computations, demonstrates that the acyl migration proceeds through an anionic stepwise mechanism with linear dependence on the [OH−] and the pKa of the hydroxyl group toward which the acyl group is migrating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Manuel Pedrón
- Institute of Biocomputation & Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis & Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Merino
- Institute of Biocomputation & Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Johan Wärnå
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland
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4
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Lassfolk R, Bertuzzi S, Ardá A, Wärnå J, Jiménez‐Barbero J, Leino R. Kinetic Studies of Acetyl Group Migration between the Saccharide Units in an Oligomannoside Trisaccharide Model Compound and a Native Galactoglucomannan Polysaccharide. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2986-2995. [PMID: 34405515 PMCID: PMC8597014 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acyl group migration is a fundamental phenomenon in carbohydrate chemistry, recently shown to take place also between two non-adjacent hydroxyl groups, across the glycosidic bond, in a β-(1→4)-linked mannan trisaccharide model compound. With the central mannoside unit containing acetyl groups at the O2 and O3 positions, the O2-acetyl was in the earlier study shown to migrate to O6 of the reducing end. Potential implications of the general acyl migration process on cell signaling events and plant growth in nature are intriguing open questions. In the present work, migration kinetics in this original trisaccharide model system were studied in more detail together with potential interactions of the model compound and the migration products with DC-SIGN lectin. Furthermore, we demonstrate here for the first time that similar migration may also take place in native polysaccharides, here represented by galactoglucomannan from Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lassfolk
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
| | - Sara Bertuzzi
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Ana Ardá
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
| | - Johan Wärnå
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
| | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology LaboratoryCIC bioGUNEBizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoSpain
- Department of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi University20500TurkuFinland
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Hettikankanamalage AA, Lassfolk R, Ekholm FS, Leino R, Crich D. Mechanisms of Stereodirecting Participation and Ester Migration from Near and Far in Glycosylation and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7104-7151. [PMID: 32627532 PMCID: PMC7429366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review is the counterpart of a 2018 Chemical Reviews article (Adero, P. O.; Amarasekara, H.; Wen, P.; Bohé, L.; Crich, D. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 8242-8284) that examined the mechanisms of chemical glycosylation in the absence of stereodirecting participation. Attention is now turned to a critical review of the evidence in support of stereodirecting participation in glycosylation reactions by esters from either the vicinal or more remote positions. As participation by esters is often accompanied by ester migration, the mechanism(s) of migration are also reviewed. Esters are central to the entire review, which accordingly opens with an overview of their structure and their influence on the conformations of six-membered rings. Next the structure and relative energetics of dioxacarbeniun ions are covered with emphasis on the influence of ring size. The existing kinetic evidence for participation is then presented followed by an overview of the various intermediates either isolated or characterized spectroscopically. The evidence supporting participation from remote or distal positions is critically examined, and alternative hypotheses for the stereodirecting effect of such esters are presented. The mechanisms of ester migration are first examined from the perspective of glycosylation reactions and then more broadly in the context of partially acylated polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiri A. Hettikankanamalage
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Lassfolk
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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6
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Acyl glucuronide reactivity in perspective. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1639-1650. [PMID: 32681884 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronidation is a common metabolic fate for acidic drugs and their metabolites and, because these metabolites are reactive, they have been linked to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and drug withdrawals. However, alternative routes of metabolism leading to reactive metabolites (e.g., oxidations and acyl-CoA thioesters) mean that unambiguous proof that acyl glucuronides are toxic is lacking. Here, we review the synthesis and reactivity of these metabolites, and describe the use of molecular modelling and in vitro and in vivo reactivity assessment of acyl glucuronide reactivity. Based on the emerging structure-dependent differences in reactivity and protein adduction methods for risk assessment for acyl glucuronide-forming acid drugs or drug candidates in drug discovery/development are suggested.
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7
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Bradshaw PR, Richards SE, Wilson ID, Stachulski AV, Lindon JC, Athersuch TJ. Kinetic modelling of acyl glucuronide and glucoside reactivity and development of structure–property relationships. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1389-1401. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02008j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Detailed kinetic and transition structure modelling to rationalise the differences in reactivity observed between the acyl glucuronide and glucoside metabolites of a series of phenylacetic acid analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Bradshaw
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Selena E. Richards
- Department of Chemistry
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry
- The Robert Robinson Laboratories
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L69 7ZD
- UK
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
| | - Toby J. Athersuch
- Department of Metabolism
- Digestion and Reproduction
- Faculty of Medicine
- Imperial College London
- London
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8
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Erratico C, Negreira N, Norouzizadeh H, Covaci A, Neels H, Maudens K, van Nuijs ALN. In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:866-76. [PMID: 25865117 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-CHMINACA) is a recently introduced synthetic cannabinoid. At present, no information is available about in vitro or in vivo human metabolism of AB-CHMINACA. Therefore, biomonitoring studies to screen AB-CHMINACA consumption lack any information about the potential biomarkers (e.g. metabolites) to target. To bridge this gap, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of AB-CHMINACA using human liver microsomes (HLMs). Formation of AB-CHMINACA metabolites was monitored using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Twenty-six metabolites of AB-CHMINACA were detected including seven mono-hydroxylated and six di-hydroxylated metabolites and a metabolite resulting from N-dealkylation of AB-CHMINACA, all produced by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Two carboxylated metabolites, likely produced by amidase enzymes, and five glucuronidated metabolites were also formed. Five mono-hydroxylated and one carboxylated metabolite were likely the major metabolites detected. The involvement of individual CYPs in the formation of AB-CHMINACA metabolites was tested using a panel of seven human recombinant CYPs (rCYPs). All the hydroxylated AB-CHMINACA metabolites produced by HLMs were also produced by the rCYPs tested, among which rCYP3A4 was the most active enzyme. Most of the in vitro metabolites of AB-CHMINACA were also present in urine obtained from an AB-CHMINACA user, therefore showing the reliability of the results obtained using the in vitro metabolism experiments conducted to predict AB-CHMINACA in vivo metabolism. The AB-CHMINACA metabolites to target in biomonitoring studies using urine samples are now reliably identified and can be used for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Erratico
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Helia Norouzizadeh
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristof Maudens
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Nishihara M, Sudo M, Kawaguchi N, Takahashi J, Kiyota Y, Kondo T, Asahi S. An Unusual Metabolic Pathway of Sipoglitazar, a Novel Antidiabetic Agent: Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Oxidation of Sipoglitazar Acyl Glucuronide. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:249-58. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Regan SL, Maggs JL, Hammond TG, Lambert C, Williams DP, Park BK. Acyl glucuronides: the good, the bad and the ugly. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2011; 31:367-95. [PMID: 20830700 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronidation is the major metabolic conjugation reaction of most carboxylic acid drugs in mammals. The physiological consequences of this biotransformation have been investigated incompletely but include effects on drug metabolism, protein binding, distribution and clearance that impact upon pharmacological and toxicological outcomes. In marked contrast, the exceptional but widely disparate chemical reactivity of acyl glucuronides has attracted far greater attention. Specifically, the complex transacylation and glycation reactions with proteins have provoked much inconclusive debate over the safety of drugs metabolised to acyl glucuronides. It has been hypothesised that these covalent modifications could initiate idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. However, despite a large body of in vitro data on the reactions of acyl glucuronides with protein, evidence for adduct formation from acyl glucuronides in vivo is limited and potentially ambiguous. The causal connection of protein adduction to adverse drug reactions remains uncertain. This review has assessed the intrinsic reactivity, metabolic stability and pharmacokinetic properties of acyl glucuronides in the context of physiological, pharmacological and toxicological perspectives. Although numerous experiments have characterised the reactions of acyl glucuronides with proteins, these might be attenuated substantially in vivo by rapid clearance of the conjugates. Consequently, to delineate a relationship between acyl glucuronide formation and toxicological phenomena, detailed pharmacokinetic analysis of systemic exposure to the acyl glucuronide should be undertaken adjacent to determining protein adduct concentrations in vivo. Further investigation is required to ascertain whether acyl glucuronide clearance is sufficient to prevent covalent modification of endogenous proteins and consequentially a potential immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Regan
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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11
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Vega-Villa KR, Remsberg CM, Takemoto JK, Ohgami Y, Yáñez JA, Andrews PK, Davies NM. Stereospecific pharmacokinetics of racemic homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and taxifolin in rats and their disposition in fruit. Chirality 2010; 23:339-48. [PMID: 21384439 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The chirality of flavonoids has been overlooked in the majority of pharmacokinetic studies of homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and taxifolin. The stereospecific pharmacokinetic disposition of these xenobiotics in male Sprague-Dawley rats is described for the first time. Validated HPLC methods were used to analyze serum and urine samples of rats following intravenous administration of each flavonoid via jugular vein cannulation and to determine their content in selected fruits. The characterization and interpretation of the pharmacokinetic disposition profiles of homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and taxifolin are described. A discrepancy exists between half-lives in serum and urine which may be attributed to low assay sensitivity in serum for the three compounds; thus, a more accurate estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters was obtained from urine. The pharmacokinetics of homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and taxifolin revealed distribution, metabolism, and elimination that were dependent on the stereochemistry of the stereoisomers. The (-)-(S)-enantiomers of homoeriodictyol and isosakuranetin and the (+)-(2S; 3R)-stereoisomer of taxifolin were predominant in lemon, grapefruit, and tomato. These findings were achieved using chiral methods of analysis; the utility and necessity of developing chiral methods of analysis for chiral xenobiotics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina R Vega-Villa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6534, USA
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12
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Karlsson ES, Johnson CH, Sarda S, Iddon L, Iqbal M, Meng X, Harding JR, Stachulski AV, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID, Lindon JC. High-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of the transacylation and hydrolysis of the acyl glucuronides of a series of phenylacetic acids in buffer and human plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3043-3051. [PMID: 20872637 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy for the kinetic analysis of acyl glucuronide (AG) isomerisation and hydrolysis of the 1-β-O-acyl glucuronides (1-β-O-AG) of phenylacetic acid, (R)- and (S)-α-methylphenylacetic acid and α,α-dimethylphenylacetic acid is described and compared. Each AG was incubated in both aqueous buffer, at pH 7.4, and control human plasma at 37°C. Aliquots of these incubations, taken throughout the reaction time-course, were analysed by HPLC/MS and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. In buffer, transacylation reactions predominated, with relatively little hydrolysis to the free aglycone observed. In human plasma incubations the calculated rates of reaction were much faster than for buffer and, in contrast to the observations in buffer, hydrolysis to the free aglycone was a significant contributor to the overall reaction.A diagnostic analytical methodology based on differential mass spectrometric fragmentation of 1-β-O-AGs compared to the 2-, 3- and 4-positional isomers, which enables selective determination of the former, was confirmed and applied. These findings show that HPLC/MS offers a viable alternative to the more commonly used NMR spectroscopic approach for the determination of the transacylation and hydrolysis reactions of these AGs, with the major advantage of having the capability to do so in a complex biological matrix such as plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin S Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
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13
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Johnson CH, Karlsson E, Sarda S, Iddon L, Iqbal M, Meng X, Harding JR, Stachulski AV, Nicholson JK, Wilson ID, Lindon JC. Integrated HPLC-MS and (1)H-NMR spectroscopic studies on acyl migration reaction kinetics of model drug ester glucuronides. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:9-23. [PMID: 19919325 DOI: 10.3109/00498250903348720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acyl glucuronides (AGs) are common, chemically reactive metabolites of acidic xenobiotics. Concerns about the potential of this class of conjugate to cause toxicity in man require efficient methods for the determination of reactivity, and this is commonly done by measuring transacylation kinetics. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were applied to the kinetic analysis of AG isomerization and hydrolysis for the 1-beta-O-AGs of ibufenac, (R)- and (S)-ibuprofen, and an alpha,alpha-dimethylated ibuprofen analogue. Each AG was incubated in either aqueous buffer at pH 7.4 or human plasma at 37 degrees C. Aliquots of these samples, taken throughout the reaction time course, were analysed by HPLC-MS and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and the results compared. For identification of the AGs incubated in pH 7.4 buffer and for analysis of kinetic rates, (1)H-NMR spectroscopy generally gave the most complete set of data, but for human plasma the use of (1)H-NMR spectroscopy was impractical and HPLC-MS was more suitable. HPLC-MS was more sensitive than (1)H-NMR spectroscopy, but the lack of suitable stable-isotope labelled internal standards, together with differences in response between glucuronides and aglycones, made quantification problematic. Using HPLC-MS a specific 1-beta-O-AG-related ion at m/z 193 (the glucuronate fragment) was noted enabling selective determination of these isomers. In buffer, transacylation reactions predominated, with relatively little hydrolysis to the free aglycone observed. In human plasma incubations the observed rates of reaction were much faster than for buffer, and hydrolysis to the free aglycone was the major route. These results illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of each analytical approach for this class of analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Johnson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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14
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Baba A, Yoshioka T. Structure−Activity Relationships for the Degradation Reaction of 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides. Part 3: Electronic and Steric Descriptors Predicting the Reactivity of Aralkyl Carboxylic Acid 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1998-2008. [DOI: 10.1021/tx9002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Baba
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Tadao Yoshioka
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
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15
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Yoshioka T, Baba A. Structure−Activity Relationships for the Degradation Reaction of 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides. Part 2: Electronic and Steric Descriptors Predicting the Reactivity of 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides Derived from Benzoic Acids. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1559-69. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900092z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Yoshioka
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Akiko Baba
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
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16
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Berry NG, Iddon L, Iqbal M, Meng X, Jayapal P, Johnson CH, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Harding JR, Wilson ID, Stachulski AV. Synthesis, transacylation kinetics and computational chemistry of a set of arylacetic acid 1β-O-acyl glucuronides. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2525-33. [DOI: 10.1039/b822777b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Baba A, Yoshioka T. Structure−Activity Relationships for Degradation Reaction of 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides: Kinetic Description and Prediction of Intrinsic Electrophilic Reactivity under Physiological Conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 22:158-72. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800292m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Baba
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, 047-0264, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadao Yoshioka
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, 047-0264, Hokkaido, Japan
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18
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Skonberg C, Olsen J, Madsen KG, Hansen SH, Grillo MP. Metabolic activation of carboxylic acids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:425-38. [PMID: 18433345 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.4.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxylic acids constitute a large and heterogeneous class of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. A number of carboxylic acid drugs have been associated with adverse reactions, linked to the metabolic activation of the carboxylic acid moiety of the compounds, i.e., formation of acyl-glucuronides and acyl-CoA thioesters. OBJECTIVE The objective is to give an overview of the current knowledge on metabolic activation of carboxylic acids and how such metabolites may play a role in adverse reactions and toxicity. METHODS Literature concerning the formation and disposition of acyl glucuronides and acyl-CoA thioesters was searched. Also included were papers on the chemical reactivity of acyl glutathione-thioesters, and literature concerning possible links between metabolic activation of carboxylic acids and reported cellular and clinical effects. RESULTS/CONCLUSION This review demonstrates that metabolites of carboxylic acid drugs must be considered chemically reactive, and that the current knowledge about metabolic activation of this compound class can be a good starting-point for further studies on the consequences of chemically reactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Skonberg
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Roslund MU, Aitio O, Wärnå J, Maaheimo H, Murzin DY, Leino R. Acyl group migration and cleavage in selectively protected beta-d-galactopyranosides as studied by NMR spectroscopy and kinetic calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8769-72. [PMID: 18543925 DOI: 10.1021/ja801177s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The migration of acetyl, pivaloyl, and benzoyl protective groups and their relative stabilities at variable pH for a series of beta- d-galactopyranoses were studied by NMR spectroscopy. The clockwise and counterclockwise migration rates for the different ester groups were accurately determined by use of a kinetic model. The results presented provide new insights into the acid and base stabilities of commonly used ester protecting groups and the phenomenon of acyl group migration and may prove useful in the planning of synthesis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias U Roslund
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, FI-20500 Abo, Finland.
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20
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Johnson CH, Athersuch TJ, Wilson ID, Iddon L, Meng X, Stachulski AV, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK. Kinetic andJ-Resolved Statistical Total Correlation NMR Spectroscopy Approaches to Structural Information Recovery in Complex Reacting Mixtures: Application to Acyl Glucuronide Intramolecular Transacylation Reactions. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4886-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702614t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Toby J. Athersuch
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Lisa Iddon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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21
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Chapter 3 Glucuronidation-Dependent Toxicity and Bioactivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(07)02003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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22
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Johnson CH, Wilson ID, Harding JR, Stachulski AV, Iddon L, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. NMR Spectroscopic Studies on the in Vitro Acyl Glucuronide Migration Kinetics of Ibuprofen ((±)-(R,S)-2-(4-Isobutylphenyl) Propanoic Acid), Its Metabolites, and Analogues. Anal Chem 2007; 79:8720-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071368i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Johnson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ian D. Wilson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - John R. Harding
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Lisa Iddon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics (SORA), Faculty of Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K., Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK 10 4TG, U.K., and Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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Stachulski AV, Harding JR, Lindon JC, Maggs JL, Park BK, Wilson ID. Acyl Glucuronides: Biological Activity, Chemical Reactivity, and Chemical Synthesis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6931-45. [PMID: 17125245 DOI: 10.1021/jm060599z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, The Robert Robinson Laboratories, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK.
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Dumasia MC, Morelli I, Teale P. Detection of Eltenac in the Horse: Identification of Phase I Metabolites in Urine by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the Determination of Excretion Profile by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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