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Hubner EM, Schützinger S, Molnárová K, Schmid MG. Screening of Astec® CHIRALDEX™ G-PN and LIPODEX™ D gas chromatography columns for enantioseparation of amphetamine derivatives. Chirality 2024; 36:e23676. [PMID: 38736271 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Among different substance classes, New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) comprise chiral amphetamines for stimulant and empathic effects. There is little knowledge in terms of clinical studies about possibly different effects of the two enantiomers of novel amphetamine derivatives. For this reason, there is a big demand for enantioseparation method development of this new substance class. Regarding gas chromatography, cyclodextrins proved to be effective for enantioseparation of NPS. In our attempt, an Astec® Chiraldex™ G-PN column containing 2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-propionyl-γ-cyclodextrin and a Lipodex™ D column containing heptakis-(2,6-di-O-pentyl-O-acetyl)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector served as stationary phases in a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 SE system. Because of the special coating, maximum temperature is limited to 200 °C isothermal or 220 °C in programmed mode. To ensure detection, trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) was used to increase sample volatility.1 As a result, 35 amphetamines were tested as their TFAA-derivatives. A screening method with a temperature gradient from 140 °C to 200 °C at a heating ramp of 1 °C per minute and final time of 5 min, showed baseline separation for seven and partial separations for 16 trifluoro acetylated amphetamines using the Chiraldex™ G-PN column. Six baseline and nine partial separations were observed with the Lipodex™ D column, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Hubner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie Schützinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katarína Molnárová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University of Prague, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin G Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wang Q, Bian Y, Zhang Y, Sun DM, Wang WL, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Feng XS, He ZW. Development of Sampling, Pretreatment and Detection Methods for Ephedrine and Related Substances in Complex Samples. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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3
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Recent advances in chiral analysis for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:493-511. [PMID: 33719527 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article covers current methods and applications in chiral analysis from 2010 to 2020 for biosamples in clinical research and forensic toxicology. Sample preparation for aqueous and solid biological samples prior to instrumental analysis were discussed in the article. GC, HPLC, capillary electrophoresis and sub/supercritical fluid chromatography provide the efficient tools for chiral drug analysis coupled to fluorescence, UV and MS detectors. The application of chiral analysis is discussed in the article, which involves differentiation between clinical use and drug abuse, pharmacokinetic studies, pharmacology/toxicology evaluations and chiral inversion. Typical chiral analytes, including amphetamines and their analogs, anesthetics, psychotropic drugs, β-blockers and some other chiral compounds, are also reviewed.
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Schmid MG, Hägele JS. Separation of enantiomers and positional isomers of novel psychoactive substances in solid samples by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques – A selective review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cui X, Liang C, Gong F, Wang R, Ni C, Wu Y, Chen G, Zhang Y. Simultaneous chiral analysis of amphetamine-type stimulants and ephedrine by capillary electrophoresis coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chirality 2018; 30:1079-1087. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process; China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai China
| | - Feijun Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai China
| | - Chunfang Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process; China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai China
| | - Guiliang Chen
- Shanghai Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection; Shanghai China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai China
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Li L, Brown JL, Toske SG. Simultaneous detection and quantitation of organic impurities in methamphetamine by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a complementary technique for methamphetamine profiling. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1209-1219. [PMID: 29633543 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of organic impurities plays an important role in the impurity profiling of methamphetamine, which in turn provides valuable information about methamphetamine manufacturing, in particular its synthetic route, chemicals, and precursors used. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) is ideally suited for this purpose due to its excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and wide linear range in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. In this study, a dilute-and-shoot UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of 23 organic manufacturing impurities in illicit methamphetamine. The developed method was validated in terms of stability, limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), accuracy, and precision. More than 100 illicitly prepared methamphetamine samples were analyzed. Due to its ability to detect ephedrine/pseudoephedrine and its high sensitivity for critical target markers (eg, chloro-pseudoephedrine, N-cyclohexylamphetamine, and compounds B and P), more impurities and precursor/pre-precursors were identified and quantified versus the current procedure by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Consequently, more samples could be classified by their synthetic routes. However, the UHPLC-MS/MS method has difficulty in detecting neutral and untargeted emerging manufacturing impurities and can therefore only serve as a complement to the current method. Despite this deficiency, the quantitative information acquired by the presented UHPLC-MS/MS methodology increased the sample discrimination power, thereby enhancing the capacity of methamphetamine profiling program (MPP) to conduct sample-sample comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- US Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Dulles, Virginia
| | - Jaclyn L Brown
- US Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Dulles, Virginia
| | - Steven G Toske
- US Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Dulles, Virginia
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Borg D, Kolb E, Lantigua C, Stripp R. Chiral Analysis of Methamphetamine in Oral Fluid Samples: A Method to Distinguish Licit from Illicit Drug Use. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:25-32. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damon Borg
- Cordant Health Solutions, 789 Park Ave., Huntington, NY 11743, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kolb
- Cordant Health Solutions, 789 Park Ave., Huntington, NY 11743, USA
| | - Cindy Lantigua
- Cordant Health Solutions, 789 Park Ave., Huntington, NY 11743, USA
| | - Richard Stripp
- Cordant Health Solutions, 789 Park Ave., Huntington, NY 11743, USA
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Development of an enantioseparation method for novel psychoactive drugs by HPLC using a Lux ® Cellulose-2 column in polar organic phase mode. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:232-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Varriale A, Marzullo VM, Di Giovanni S, Scala A, Capo A, Majoli A, Pennacchio A, Staiano M, D’Auria S. On the possibility of ephedrine detection: time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6329-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Regioisomeric and enantiomeric analyses of 24 designer cathinones and phenethylamines using ultra high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis with added cyclodextrins. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 254:148-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang T, Yu Z, Shi Y, Xiang P. Enantiomer Profiling of Methamphetamine in White Crystal and Tablet Forms (Ma Old) Using LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:551-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Taschwer M, Hofer MG, Schmid MG. Enantioseparation of benzofurys and other novel psychoactive compounds by CE and sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector added to the BGE. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2793-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Taschwer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Manfred G. Hofer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Martin G. Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
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13
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Taschwer M, Seidl Y, Mohr S, Schmid MG. Chiral Separation of Cathinone and Amphetamine Derivatives by HPLC/UV Using Sulfated ß-Cyclodextrin as Chiral Mobile Phase Additive. Chirality 2014; 26:411-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Taschwer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Yvonne Seidl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Stefan Mohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering; Graz Austria
| | - Martin G. Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; Graz Austria
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14
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Wang S, Wang Y, Zhou J, Lu Y, Tang J, Tang W. Mono-6A-(4-methoxybutylamino)-6A-β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector for enantiomeric separation. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2056-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuye Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing People's Republic of China
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15
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Płotka JM, Simeonov V, Morrison C, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J. Capillary gas chromatography using a γ-cyclodextrin for enantiomeric separation of methylamphetamine, its precursors and chloro intermediates after optimization of the derivatization reaction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1347:146-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Padivitage NLT, Dodbiba E, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW. Enantiomeric separations of illicit drugs and controlled substances using cyclofructan-based (LARIHC) and cyclobond I 2000 RSP HPLC chiral stationary phases. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:542-51. [PMID: 24115758 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently a novel class of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on cyclofructan (CF) has been developed. Cyclofructans are cyclic oligosaccharides that possess a crown ether core and pendent fructofuranose moieties. Herein, we evaluate the applicability of these novel CSPs for the enantiomeric separation of chiral illicit drugs and controlled substances directly without any derivatization. A set of 20 racemic compounds were used to evaluate these columns including 8 primary amines, 5 secondary amines, and 7 tertiary amines. Of the new cyclofructan-based LARIHC columns, 14 enantiomeric separations were obtained including 7 baseline and 7 partial separations. The LARIHC CF6-P column proved to be the most useful in separating illicit drugs and controlled substances accounting for 11 of the 14 optimized separations. The polar organic mode containing small amounts of methanol in acetonitrile was the most useful solvent system for the LARIHC CF6-P CSP. Furthermore, the LARIHC CF7-DMP CSP proved to be valuable for the separation of the tested chiral drugs resulting in four of the optimized enantiomeric separations, whereas the CF6-RN did not yield any optimum separations. The broad selectivity of the LARIHC CF7-DMP CSP is evident as it separated primary, secondary and tertiary amine containing chiral drugs. The compounds that were partially or un-separated using the cyclofructan based columns were screened with a Cyclobond I 2000 RSP column. This CSP provided three baseline and six partial separations.
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Mohr S, Weiß JA, Spreitz J, Schmid MG. Chiral separation of new cathinone- and amphetamine-related designer drugs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using trifluoroacetyl-l-prolyl chloride as chiral derivatization reagent. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Mohr S, Taschwer M, Schmid MG. Chiral separation of cathinone derivatives used as recreational drugs by HPLC-UV using a CHIRALPAK® AS-H column as stationary phase. Chirality 2012; 24:486-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Taschwer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; A-8010; Graz; Austria
| | - Martin G. Schmid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Karl-Franzens-University Graz; A-8010; Graz; Austria
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Zheng Z, Yan T, Chen W, Ye L, Tang L, Liu Z. Pharmacokinetic determination of ephedrine in HerbaEphedraeand Wu Tou Tang decoctions in rats using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:775-83. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.658884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, United States
| | - Karen D. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, United States
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