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Betzenbichler G, Huber L, Kräh S, Morkos MLK, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Chiral stationary phases and applications in gas chromatography. Chirality 2022; 34:732-759. [PMID: 35315953 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chiral compounds are ubiquitous in nature and play a pivotal role in biochemical processes, in chiroptical materials and applications, and as chiral drugs. The analysis and determination of the enantiomeric ratio (er) of chiral compounds is of enormous scientific, industrial, and economic importance. Chiral separation techniques and methods have become indispensable tools to separate chiral compounds into their enantiomers on an analytical as well on a preparative level to obtain enantiopure compounds. Chiral gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have paved the way and fostered several research areas, that is, asymmetric synthesis and catalysis in organic, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and supramolecular chemistry. The development of highly enantioselective chiral stationary phases was essential. In particular, the elucidation and understanding of the underlying enantioselective supramolecular separation mechanisms led to the design of new chiral stationary phases. This review article focuses on the development of chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography. The fundamental mechanisms of the recognition and separation of enantiomers and the selectors and chiral stationary phases used in chiral gas chromatography are presented. An overview over syntheses and applications of these chiral stationary phases is presented as a practical guidance for enantioselective separation of chiral compound classes and substances by gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kräh
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander F Siegle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Can an Intermediate Rate of Nitrogen Inversion Affect Drug Efficacy? Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-inversion rates and diffusion coefficients were measured using 1H NMR for 14 drug-like molecules. The slow nitrogen-inversion rates interconverting the enantiomers of these molecules lay within a postulated intermediate range in terms of their ability to bind to proteins bounded by diffusion constraints, potentially affecting the availability, hence efficacy, of these compounds if they were utilized as drugs. The postulated intermediate range is based on a capture-volume concept, whereby the nitrogen inversion during the time a ligand takes to pass through a volume surrounding the protein binding site, as calculated by the diffusion rate, determines if it will influence ligand binding to the protein. In the systems examined here, the measured nitrogen-inversion rates and the times required to traverse the capture volume differed by a few orders of magnitude. Potentially more consequential are intermediate nitrogen-inversion rates in epimeric cases—since the energies of the interconverting species are unequal, a heavy bias against the eutomer might occur. The implications of an intermediate nitrogen-inversion rate are significant for in silico drug design, drug efficacy, molecular modeling of drug–protein binding, pharmacokinetics, drug enantiomer evaluation, etc. Due consideration of the process should thus be taken into account for drug development directions and in vitro evaluation.
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Tachrim ZP, Wang L, Murai Y, Hashimoto M. New Trends in Diaziridine Formation and Transformation (a Review). Molecules 2021; 26:4496. [PMID: 34361648 PMCID: PMC8348119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on diaziridine, a high strained three-membered heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms that plays an important role as one of the most important precursors of diazirine photoaffinity probes, as well as their formation and transformation. Recent research trends can be grouped into three categories, based on whether they have examined non-substituted, N-monosubstituted, or N,N-disubstituted diaziridines. The discussion expands on the conventional methods for recent applications, the current spread of studies, and the unconventional synthesis approaches arising over the last decade of publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetryana Puteri Tachrim
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Kawasan Puspiptek, Serpong, South Tangerang 15314, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuta Murai
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
- Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (L.W.); (Y.M.)
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Ravindra S, Irfana Jesin CP, Shabashini A, Nandi GC. Recent Advances in the Preparations and Synthetic Applications of Oxaziridines and Diaziridines. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sundaresan Ravindra
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamilnadu India
| | - C. P. Irfana Jesin
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamilnadu India
| | - Arivalagan Shabashini
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamilnadu India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Nandi
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamilnadu India
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Malinowska K, Lorenz IP, Sadowska B, Mucha P. Metal Ion Complexes with Pyrazoles, Aziridines and Diaziridines – Synthesis and Biological Activity. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:648-663. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180221124447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen ions, like pyrazoles, aziridines, diaziridines and their metal ion complexes with Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ru(III) and others exhibit a wide range of biological activity, including mainly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties. Biological significance of these molecules and thus their potential use in medicine has driven growing interest into their coordination chemistry. A knowledge of the relationship between the structure of chemical compounds and their activity is needed for the synthesis of the preparations possessing the most beneficial features. The choice of interposed substituents may improve biocidal and antitumor action, reduce the toxicity of the initial substance, or even completely eliminate its adverse effects for healthy tissues. The main aim of this review paper is to present the current state of knowledge concerning the synthesis and biological activity of complexes with small heterocyclic ligands containing transition metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, 2nd Chair of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ingo-Peter Lorenz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Beata Sadowska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Mucha
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Bosmani A, Guarnieri‐Ibáñez A, Lacour J. Configurational Lability of Imino‐SubstitutedEthano TrögerBases. Insight on the Racemization Mechanism. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bosmani
- Département de Chimie OrganiqueUniversité de Genève Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Guarnieri‐Ibáñez
- Département de Chimie OrganiqueUniversité de Genève Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Département de Chimie OrganiqueUniversité de Genève Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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Mondal RR, Khamarui S, Maiti DK. Photocatalytic Generation of Nitrenes for Rapid Diaziridination. Org Lett 2018; 19:5964-5967. [PMID: 29056045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A blue LED, an organic photocatalyst (rose bengal), and the Lewis acid like oxidant PhI(OAc)2 were utilized to generate nitrene intermediates through reactions of 1,2-diols and aliphatic amines under mild reaction conditions. A versatile and rapid diaziridination strategy was established to construct functionalized 1,2-disubstituted diaziridines, diaziridines with chiral substituents, and 1,2,3-trisubstituted analogues with excellent reaction rates, yields, and stereoselectivities. Control and labeling experiments to elucidate the mechanism of this elegant metal-free photocatalyzed cyclization reaction were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramij R Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, University College of Science , 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Saikat Khamarui
- Government General Degree College at Kalna-I , Muragacha, Medgachi, Burdwan 713405, India
| | - Dilip K Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, University College of Science , 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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Review for chiral-at-metal complexes and metal-organic framework enantiomorphs. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1344-1354. [PMID: 36659297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses chiral-at-metal complexes and introduces enantiomorphs from assembly structure. Owing to the diverse coordination number and activity of metal ions as chiral centers, abundant structures for chiral selectivity, catalysis, and polarized light-response are the notable advantages of the chiral-at-metal complexes. The rational design and preparation of linear multi-dentate ligands is a good choice to improve the stability of chiral complexes, such as multi-bonding structure for high stability as a self-limiting system. The bio-significance and potential application of chiral-at-metal complexes are discussed, such as the synergistic effect of catalysis and chiral selectivity of the metal center in enzymes. Enzyme could be remolded to replace the original central metal ions with highly active rare earth or precious metal ions to form artificial metalloenzyme or to remove the "redundant" part around the metal center to improve the accessibility of substrate. The polarized light-response mechanism of chiral opsin is introduced in relation to its role in animal migration. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline and porous materials built from metal nodes or clusters and organic linkers and provide the possibility to prepare artificial enantiomorphs. The preparations, applications, and characterization methods of MOF enatiomorphs are therefore introduced. We hope this review inspires researchers at all levels of their career to consider the title topic in their own research in terms of its application and potential value.
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Beebe AW, Dohmeier EF, Moura-Letts G. Diastereoselective synthesis of substituted diaziridines from simple ketones and aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [PMID: 26216745 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04813c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diastereopure substituted diaziridines from simple ketones, aldehydes and amines are here reported. These important chemical scaffolds are obtained in the presence of a weak inorganic base and hydroxylamine O-sulfonic acid (HOSA). This method introduces three stereocenters in one step to provide a wide variety of substituted diaziridines with high yields and diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Beebe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA.
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