1
|
Chen C, Peng Y, Wei Y, Liu M, Wang Y, Xiong S, Li H, He Q. New methods for resolution of hydroxychloroquine by forming diastereomeric salt and adding chiral mobile phase agent on RP-HPLC. Chirality 2024; 36:e23672. [PMID: 38693625 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), 2-([4-([7-Chloro-4-quinolyl]amino)pentyl]ethylamino)ethanol, exhibited significant biological activity, while its side effects cannot be overlooked. The RP-HPLC enantio-separation was investigated for cost-effective and convenient optical purity analysis of HCQ. The thermodynamic resolution of Rac-HCQ, driven by enthalpy and entropy, was achieved on the C18 column using Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as the chiral mobile phase agent (CMPA). The effects of CCM-β-CD, pH, and triethylamine (TEA) V% on the enantio-separation process were explored. Under the optimum conditions at 24°C, the retention times for the two enantiomers weret R 1 = 29.39 min $$ {t}_{R1}=29.39\ \min $$ andt R 2 = 32.42 min $$ {t}_{R2}=32.42\ \min $$ , resulting inR s = 1.87 $$ {R}_s=1.87 $$ . The resolution via diastereomeric salt formation of Rac-HCQ was developed to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredient of single enantiomer S-HCQ. Di-p-Anisoyl-L-Tartaric Acid (L-DATA) was proved effective as the resolution agent for Rac-HCQ. Surprisingly, it was found that refluxing time was a key fact affecting the resolution efficiency, which meant the kinetic dominate during the process of the resolution. Four factors-solvent volume, refluxing time, filtration temperature, and molar ratio-were optimized using the single-factor method and the response surface method. Two cubic models were established, and the reliability was subsequently verified. Under the optimal conditions, the less soluble salt of 2L-DATA:S-HCQ was obtained with a yield of 96.9% and optical purity of 63.0%. The optical purity of this less soluble salt increases to 99.0% with a yield of 74.2% after three rounds recrystallization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongming Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
You H, Chen B, Fang L, Lin T, Xu P, Chu C, Tong S. Analytical enantioseparation of N-alkyl drugs by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as mobile phase additive. Chirality 2023; 35:58-66. [PMID: 36345792 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrins (CM-β-CDs) with five kinds of degrees of substitution were synthesized and characterized. Analytical enantioseparation of six basic drugs containing N-alkyl groups, including pheniramine, chlorpheniramine, labetalol, propranolol, venlafaxine, and trans-paroxol, was achieved by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using the synthesized CM-β-CD as chiral mobile phase additives. Key influence factors were optimized, including organic modifier, pH value, CM-β-CD with different degrees of substitution, and concentration of CM-β-CD. The mobile phase was composed of methanol and 10 mmol L-1 of phosphate buffer pH 4.0 containing 10 mmol L-1 of CM-β-CD. Peak resolution for six racemic drugs was gradually increased with an increasing degree of substitution of the synthesized CM-β-CD. The stoichiometric ratio and binding constants for the inclusion complex formed by CM-β-CD and enantiomer were determined, which showed that the stoichiometric ratio for each inclusion complex was 1:1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo You
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Ben Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqun Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Tingting Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ao Q, Zhao H, Tong T, Peng Y, He Z. Enantioseparation of basic drugs by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography system using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral mobile phase additive. Chirality 2022; 34:1128-1139. [PMID: 35574700 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method was developed for enantioseparation of basic drugs, using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as chiral mobile phase additive, rather than involving costly chiral column in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Four of the six basic drug enantiomers investigated were successfully separated. The highest resolution reaches 2.15 for threo-(1S,2S)-2-amino-l-p-nitrophenyl-1,3-propanediol. The effects of the organic modifier, pH value, concentration of chiral additive, column temperature, and flow rate of mobile phase on the enantioseparation of analytes were researched. The apparent formation constants of inclusion and the thermodynamic parameters were evaluated to explain the mechanism of chiral recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ao
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhong Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang He
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Recent Advances on Chiral Mobile Phase Additives: A Critical Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Terashima H, Seki M, Saki W, Yamamoto A, Aizawa SI, Taga A, Mikami I, Kodama S. Chiral separation of catechin and epicatechin by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with β-cyclodextrin stepwise and linear gradient elution modes. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Terashima H, Yamamoto A, Aizawa SI, Taga A, Mikami I, Ishihara Y, Kodama S. Enantioseparation of phenethylamines by using high-performance liquid chromatography column permanently coated with methylated β-cyclodextrin. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2932-2940. [PMID: 34077621 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins and their derivatives have been used for chiral high-performance liquid chromatography selectors, while they are costly to use as mobile phase additives in high-performance liquid chromatography. Here, we report application of phenyl column coated permanently with methylated β-cyclodextrin for chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. A 0.1% (v/v) phosphoric acid solution containing 1 M NaCl and 0.5% (w/v) methylated β-cyclodextrin was subjected to a phenyl column at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at 30°C for 2 h. Using the precoating phenyl column, all the enantiomers of the four phenethylamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, octopamine, and synephrine) were successfully separated simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography with a mobile phase without methylated β-cyclodextrin at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min at 30°C. The enantioseparation ability was retained for successive analyses during 1 week. It is suggested that inclusion complex of methylated β-cyclodextrin with a phenyl group on the surface of the stationary phase could be formed and that the inclusion complex could form the ternary complex with the injected analytes. The longer retention time of (S)-enantiomers of analytes than corresponding (R)-enantiomers for high-performance liquid chromatography could be explained from the higher stability of the methylated β-cyclodextrin complexes with (S)-enantiomers, which were confirmed by capillary electrophoresis and 1 H NMR spectroscopy experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Taga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikko Mikami
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Kodama
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cyclodextrins as mobile phase additives in open-tubular admicellar electrochromatography for achiral and chiral separations. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 256:117517. [PMID: 33483038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs) play an important role in chiral analysis due to the additional electrostatic effect beyond the host-guest inclusion, especially in enantioanalysis of positively charged and electrically neutral analytes. This review presents recent advances in application of anionic CDs for enantioanalysis during the past five years. Firstly, the synthesis approaches of random substitution and single isomers of anionic CDs are briefly discussed. The main part focuses on the chiral analysis using anionic CDs in various analytical techniques, including capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, counter current chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Particular attention is given to the capillary electrophoresis application since charged CDs could be used as a carrier of enantiomers by virtue of their self-mobility and offer an easy adjustment of the enantiomer migration order. Finally, future opportunities are also discussed in the conclusion of this review.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Q, Zhang J, Wang X, Yu J, Guo X. Enantioseparation of Eight Pairs of Tetralone Derivative Enantiomers on Cellulose Based Chiral Stationary Phase by HPLC. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666181130111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Tetralone derivatives, important resources for the development of new drugs
which can act in the treatment of central nervous system disorders or participate in synthesis reaction
for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, have great research value and a bright prospect in exploitation.
Methods:
A novel chiral HPLC method for efficient enantioseparation of eight tetralone derivative enantiomers
was developed on cellulose based CHIRALPAK IC chiral stationary phase under normal
mode by investigating the effects of type and content of organic modifier, column temperature and flow
rate on retention and enantioselectivity. Besides, the specificity, linearity, stability, precision, accuracy
and robustness of this method were also validated.
Results:
Satisfactory enantioseparation was obtained for all enantiomers in n-hexane/2-propanol mobile
phase system at ambient temperature. The thermodynamic study indicated that the solute transfer from
the mobile to stationary phase was enthalpically favorable, and the process of enantioseparation was
mainly enthalpy controlled. This method met the requirements for quantitative determination of tetralone
derivative enantiomers.
Conclusion:
This study can provide great and important application value for enantioseparation of eight
pairs of newly synthesized tetralone derivative enantiomers under normal mode using CHIRALPAK IC
chiral column.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Junyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Watanabe Y, Mikami I, Yamamoto A, Aizawa SI, Taga A, Mochizuki N, Ishihara Y, Kodama S. Direct enantioseparation of mandelic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography using a phenyl column precoated with a small amount of cyclodextrin additive in a mobile phase. Chirality 2020; 32:1020-1029. [PMID: 32346918 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct enantioseparation of mandelic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a reversed phase column and a mobile phase containing a small amount of hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was studied as an efficient method for saving consumption of the CD additive. As a result, it was proposed that racemic mandelic acid can be analyzed with a phenyl column by using a mobile phase composed of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.2) and 0.02% (w/v) HP-β-CD at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 40°C after the passage of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.2) containing 0.1% (w/v) HP-β-CD as a precoating mobile phase for 60 min. It is suggested that HP-β-CD is bound with a phenyl group on the surface of the stationary phase to allow a phenyl column to act as a transient chiral column, and injected mandelic acid can form the ternary complex with the adsorbed HP-β-CD. The longer retention time of D-mandelic acid than the L-isomer for HPLC can be explained from the higher stability of the HP-β-CD complex with D-mandelic acid, which was confirmed by CE experiment with HP-β-CD as a selector. The efficiency of a phenyl column compared with other stationary phases was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Watanabe
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Ikko Mikami
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Taga
- Department of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Health Medicine, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Kodama
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the main separation techniques for chiral drugs. Among the chiral HPLC techniques available, the chiral mobile-phase additive (CMPA) technique is a valuable method for the direct enantioseparation of chiral chemical entities. In the CMPA method, the chiral selector is dissolved in the mobile phase while the stationary phase is achiral. Interaction with the analyte enantiomers results in the formation of transient diastereomeric complexes. These complexes differ in their formation constants and/or distribution between the (achiral) stationary phase and the mobile phase resulting in an enantioseparation. This chapter describes the HPLC separation applying CMPA methods by several most useful types of chiral selectors including chiral ligand exchangers, macrocyclic antibiotics, and cyclodextrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjia Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu RB, Quirino JP. Chiral liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography: Trends from 2017 to 2018. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|