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Zhu H, Qin K, Zhang P, Wang H. Enantiomeric Separation and Degradation of Benoxacor Enantiomers in Horticultural Soil by Normal-Phase and Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108887. [PMID: 37240233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The separation of benoxacor enantiomers on six commercial chiral columns was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under normal-phase and reversed-phase conditions. The mobile phases included hexane/ethanol, hexane/isopropanol, acetonitrile/water, and methanol/water. The effects of the chiral stationary phases (CSPs), temperature, and mobile phase composition and ratio on the separation of benoxacor enantiomers were examined. Under normal-phase conditions, the two benoxacor enantiomers were completely separated on Chiralpak AD, Chiralpak IC, Lux Cellulose-1, and Lux Cellulose-3 columns and partially separated on a Lux Cellulose-2 column. Under reversed-phase conditions, benoxacor enantiomers were completely separated on a Lux Cellulose-3 column and partially separated on Chiralpak IC and Lux Cellulose-1 columns. Normal-phase HPLC performed better than reversed-phase HPLC for the separation of benoxacor enantiomers. As the column temperature increased from 10 °C to 4 °C, the enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) results indicated that the resolution was strongly affected by the temperature and that the lowest temperature did not always produce the best resolution. An optimized separation method on the Lux Cellulose-3 column was used to investigate the stability of benoxacor enantiomers in solvents and the degradation of benoxacor enantiomers in three types of horticultural soil. Benoxacor enantiomers were stable, and degradation or racemization were not observed in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, hexane, or water (pH = 4.0, 7.0, and 9.0). In three horticultural soils, the degradation rate of S-benoxacor was faster than that of R-benoxacor, resulting in soil enrichment with R-benoxacor. The results of this study will help to improve the risk assessment of enantiomer levels of benoxacor in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kunrong Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Jagirani MS, Ozalp O, Soylak M. New Trend in the Extraction of Pesticides from the Environmental and Food Samples Applying Microextraction Based Green Chemistry Scenario: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1343-1369. [PMID: 33560139 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1874867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review focused on the green microextraction methods used for the extraction of pesticides from the environmental and food samples. Microextraction techniques have been explored and applied in various fields of analytical chemistry since its beginning, as evinced by the numerous reviews published. The success of any technique in science and technology is measured by the simplicity, environmentally friendly, and its applications; and the microextraction technique is highly successive. Deliberations were attentive to studies where efforts have been made to validate the methods through the inter-laboratory comparison study to assess the analytical performance of microextraction techniques against conventional methods. Succinctly, developed microextraction methods are shown to impart significant benefits over conventional techniques. Provided that the analytical community continues to put forward attention and resources into the growth and validation of the microextraction technique, a promising future for microextraction is forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqaf Jagirani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ozgur Ozalp
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Technology Research and Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Musarurwa H, Tavengwa NT. Supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction of pesticides in food and environmental samples. Talanta 2021; 223:121515. [PMID: 33303131 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction is a very important green technique for the isolation and pre-concentration of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples prior to their chromatographic analysis. The attractive features of supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction include its simplicity, high pre-concentration factor, fastness, accuracy, low cost, less consumption of chemical reagents and environmental friendliness. The supramolecular solvent is generated from a ternary mixture of amphiphiles, water and a water miscible dispersion and coacervating solvent. Tehydrofuran is one of the solvents commonly used as both a dispersion solvent and a coacervating agent. This paper gives a recent comprehensive review on the application of alkanols as amphiphiles during supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples. Other researchers used long chain fatty acids as amphiphiles during pesticide analysis in food and environmental samples using supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction, and this is discussed in this paper. The incorporation of ferrofluids in supramolecular solvents enables phase separation using a magnet instead of the time-consuming centrifugation technique. This paper also gives a detailed review of the application of ferrofluid-based supramolecular solvent micro-extraction of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Musarurwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Nikita Tawanda Tavengwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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Zhang P, He Y, Wang S, Shi D, Xu Y, Yang F, Wang J, He L. Chiral Separation and Determination of Etoxazole Enantiomers in Vegetables by Normal-Phase and Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2020; 25:E3134. [PMID: 32659902 PMCID: PMC7397032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chiral separation of etoxazole enantiomers on Lux Cellulose-1, Lux Cellulose-3, Chiralpak IC, and Chiralpak AD chiral columns was carefully investigated by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hexane/isopropanol, hexane/n-butanol, methanol/water, and acetonitrile/water were used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The effects of chiral stationary phase, mobile phase component, mobile phase ratio, and temperature on etoxazole separation were also studied. Etoxazole enantiomers were baseline separated on Lux Cellulose-1, Chiralpak IC, and Chiralpak AD chiral columns, and partially separated on Lux Cellulose-3 chiral column under normal-phase HPLC. However, the complete separation on Lux Cellulose-1, Chiralpak IC, and partial separation on Chiralpak AD were obtained under reverse-phase HPLC. Normal-phase HPLC presented better resolution for etoxazole enantiomers than reverse-phase HPLC. Thermodynamic parameters, including ΔH and ΔS, were also calculated based on column temperature changes from 10 °C to 40 °C, and the maximum resolutions (Rs) were not always acquired at the lowest temperature. Furthermore, the optimized method was successfully applied to determine etoxazole enantiomers in cucumber, cabbage, tomato, and soil. The results of chiral separation efficiency of etoxazole enantiomers under normal-phase and reverse-phase HPLC were compared, and contribute to the comprehensive environmental risk assessment of etoxazole at the enantiomer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhan He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.H.); (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (J.W.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Zhang P, Wang S, Shi D, Xu Y, Yang F, Deng X, He Y, He L. Direct Enantiomeric Separation and Determination of Hexythiazox Enantiomers in Environment and Vegetable by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3453. [PMID: 32429166 PMCID: PMC7277754 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the direct enantiomeric separation of hexythiazox enantiomers on Lux cellulose-1, Lux cellulose-2, Lux cellulose-3, Lux cellulose-4, Lux amylose-1 and Chirapak IC chiral columns were carefully investigated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Acetonitrile/water and methanol/water were used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·min-1. The effects of chiral stationary phase, temperature, thermodynamic parameters, mobile phase component and mobile phase ratio on hexythiazox enantiomers separation were fully evaluated. Hexythiazox enantiomers received a baseline separation on the Lux cellulose-3 column with a maximum resolution of Rs = 2.09 (methanol/water) and Rs = 2.74 (acetonitrile/water), respectively. Partial separations were achieved on other five chiral columns. Furthermore, Lux amylose-1 and Chirapak IC had no separation ability for hexythiazox enantiomers when methanol/water was used as mobile phase. Temperature study indicated that the capacity factor (k) and resolution factor (Rs) decreased with column temperature increasing from 10 °C to 40 °C. The enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) involved in hexythiazox separation were also calculated and demonstrated the lower temperature contributed to better separation resolution. Moreover, the residue analytical method for hexythiazox enantiomers in the environment (soil and water) and vegetable (cucumber, cabbage and tomato) were also established with reliable accuracy and precision under reverse-phase HPLC condition. Such results provided a baseline separation method for hexythiazox enantiomers under reverse-phase conditions and contributed to an environmental and health risk assessment of hexythiazox at enantiomer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Furong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xile Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Yuhan He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (S.W.); (D.S.); (Y.X.); (F.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Jiménez-Jiménez S, Casado N, García MÁ, Marina ML. Enantiomeric analysis of pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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